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Grade 12 bio > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are photons

A

wave packets of electromagnetic radiation

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2
Q

what are the two steps of photosynthesis

A

light dependent and light independent reactions

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3
Q

where does light dependent reactions occur

A

thylakoid membrane

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4
Q

where does light independent reactions occur?

A

stroma

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5
Q

what are the three stages of light reactions

A

photo excitation
electron transport
chemiosmosis

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6
Q

what is photo excitiation

A

the first stage of light reactions

one of the chlorophyll’s electrons gets excited by a photon

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7
Q

what is electron tranpsort

A

the second stage of light reaction

along a series of carriers creating a hydrogen ion resevoir

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8
Q

what is chemiosmosis

A

protons move throughout ATP synthase to make ATP

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9
Q

where is starch stored

A

in roots and chloroplasts

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10
Q

what is photorespiration

A

the reaction of oxygen with rubisco in a process that reverses carbon fixation and reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis
(O2 takes the place of CO2, so that the calvin cycle cannot occur)

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11
Q

where does the calvin cycle occur

A

in the stroma

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12
Q

how is glucose formed through the calvin cycle

A

2G3P merge to form 1 glucose molecule

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13
Q

explain the steps in photoexcitation

A
  • photon is absorbed into photosystem II
  • it bounces around from pigment to pigment until it reaches chlorophyll a molecule
  • an electron from the chlorophyll a gets excited and goes to the primary electron acceptor
  • it pulls apart H2O to take the electron back, releasing O2
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14
Q

explain the steps of electron transport

A
  • after the electrons are pulled apart, they get moved to the electron acceptor
  • then transported to the electron carrier protein which brings it to B6-F complex
  • the B6-F complex pushes out the H+ to form an electron gradient which is needed for chemiosmosis
  • meanwhile the same stuff occurs in photosystem I except the electrons needed to balance the chlorophyll a comes from the electron carrier
  • the NADP reductase norms NADPH
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15
Q

explain the steps of chemiosmosis

A

the electron gradient formed by the b6-f complex aids in the function of the ATP synthase, which pumps H+ through, turning ADP into ATP

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16
Q

what is different about C4 plants

A

they have seperate areas where O2 and CO2 reside

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17
Q

where do C4 plants typically grow

A

tropical areas where it’s always hot

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18
Q

what are the two cells in C4 plants and their order

A

mesophyll cell – where co2 enters and is converted to malate
bundle-sheath cell – where calvin cycle occurs

19
Q

explain the difference process in C4 plants

A
  • CO2 reacts with pop to form oxaloacetate
  • oxaloacetate to malate (NADPH to NADP+)
  • malate to CO2 and pyruvate
  • pyrivate to pep (ATP to AMP)
20
Q

where do CAM plants grow

A

tropical areas

hot days, cold nights

21
Q

explain how CAM plants work

A
  • they take in he CO2 overnight, when it’s not dangerous to have open stomata (lower risk of losing water)
  • converts it to oxaloacetate and then malate to be stored
  • in the day, when the sun is shining, the malate is converted back to CO2 to do the krebs cycle
22
Q

what are autotrophs

A

self feeders

they sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other living beings

23
Q

what are photoautotrophs

A

a type of autotrophs that use light for energy

24
Q

what are heterotrophs

A

unable to make their own food; they live on compounds produced by other organisms

25
Q

what role does colour play in plants

A
  • the chloroplasts have that green tint, so anywhere where a plant is green is where they reside
  • the chloroplasts also absorb light, w the exception of green light, which is what makes it have that colour
26
Q

what is the photosynthesis equation

A

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light energy —» C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

27
Q

why do chloroplasts only absorb specific colours of light

A

they’re more effective in driving photosynthesis
typically take in red and violet-blue
reflect green light

28
Q

explain cyclic electron flow and how it starts

A
  • due to a lack of ATP, it is an easy conclusion that there is smth wrong w ATPase
  • ATPase is based on the proton gradient formed by the cytochrome b6f complex
  • instead of creating more NADPH through the NADP reductase, the electrons get carried back to the b6f complex to improve the gradient
29
Q

anabolic reactions

A

uses energy- forming larger from smaller

30
Q

catabolic reactions

A

give off energy- breaking apart larger to form smaller

31
Q

what is carbon fixation

A

the initial incorporation of CO2 into organic molecules

32
Q

why do C3 plants exist

A

it is believed that they are at an evolutionary disadvantage from when less )2 existed (less humans) and more CO2

33
Q

what do plants do with glucose

A

used for making cellulose and starch
starch is a food source
cellulose is is used in building cell walls

34
Q

what is the ideal temperature for C3 plants?

A

15-25 C

35
Q

what is the ideal temp for C4 plants

A

30-40 C

36
Q

what is the ideal temp for CAM plants

A

above 40C

37
Q

how does the C4 plant combat photorespiration

A

performing carbon fixation and calvin cycle in different cells

38
Q

how do CAM plants combat photorespiration

A

performing carbon fixation and calvin cycle at different times

39
Q

what happens during day time for CAM plants?

A
  • they keep their stomata closed during the day to minimize water loss
  • when light reactions occur (because the sun is out) they form the necessary reactions to make atp and NADPH so that the calvin cycle can occur
40
Q

what happens during the night for CAM plants?

A

they open their stomata to take in as much CO2 as possible and react w pep to form oxaloacetate to then form malate to be stored until the daytime (when light reactions occur)

41
Q

how are C3, C4 and CAM photosynthesis similar

A
  • all 3 are ways of making energy for the plants

- all 3 use the same light reactions and end up using the calvin cycle to form glucosoe

42
Q

vaguely, how are C3, C4 and CAM different

A

have different modes of carbon fixation

different ways of combating photo respiration (or not combating it at all)(looking at you C3)

43
Q

what are the initial carbon acceptors for C3, C4 and CAM plants

A

Pep is the initial acceptor for C4 and CAM

RuBP is the initial acceptor for C3

Grade 12 bio (7 decks)

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