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Grade 12 bio > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the order of the cellular respiration stage

A

glycolysis
pyruvate oxidation
krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation/ ETC

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2
Q

how/where does hexokinase help

A

happens in cytoplasm
aids in the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucode 6 phosphate
ATP to ADP

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3
Q

how/where does phosphoglucose isomerse

A

cytoplasm

the isomerisation of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate

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4
Q

how/where does phosphofructokinase aid

A

cyctoplasm

the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-biphosphate

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5
Q

how/where does aldolase aid

A

cyctoplasm

separates fructose-1,6-biphosphate to G3P

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6
Q

how/where does G3P dehydrogenase aid

A

cytoplasm

uses NAD to NADH to form BPG

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7
Q

how/where does phosphoglycerate kinase aid

A

cytoplasm

changes 3PG to 2PG

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8
Q

how/where does enolase aid

A

cytoplasm

changes 2PG to pep

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9
Q

how/where does pyruvate kinase aid

A

cytoplasm

dephosphorylation of pep to form ATP and making a pyruvate

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10
Q

what is the net gain of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH

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11
Q

what is the net gain of the krebs cycle

A

2 ATP
3 NADH
2 FADH2

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12
Q

how much ATP is formed through ETC

A

34

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13
Q

what is the first complex for ETC

A

NADH dehydrogenase

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14
Q

what and where does NADH dehydrogenase do

A

mitochondrial membrane

NADH to NAD releasing an H+

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15
Q

what/where does the cyctochrome complex happen

A

mitochondrial membrane

FADH2 to FAD releasing H+

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16
Q

what is the second complex in ETC

A

cyctochrome complex

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17
Q

what is the third complex in ETC

A

BC1 Complex

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18
Q

what is the fourth complex in ETC

A

cytochrome oxidase complex

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19
Q

what/where does the BC1 complex aid

A

mitochondrial membrane

aids in pumping electrons through to the cyctochrome oxidase complex

20
Q

what/where does the cytochrome oxidase do

A

mitochondrial membrane

uses electrons from BC1 complex, adds it to O2 to make water

21
Q

what does the ATP-ase complex do

A

it drives all the protons from the inner membrane space down to the matrix thanks to the electrochemical gradient… does some stuff and adds H+ to ADP to make ATP but many many times… 34 to be exact

22
Q

what happens if there is no O2 for ETC

A

it gets backlogged and closes up

23
Q

what happens if there’s no food for ETC

A

no electrons in the first place- literally doesn’t do anything at all

24
Q

how is lactic acid formed

A

when there isn’t enough oxygen when exercising for all the glucose being used, NADH transfers their H+ atoms to pyruvate

25
Q

what does lactic acid do

A

causes stiffness, soreness and fatigue

26
Q

what happens to lactic acid after it is no longer needed

A

transported to the liver and oxidized back into pyruvate

27
Q

why do we breathe heavily after working out

A
  • not enough oxygen to keep up with the glucose (think complex IV)
  • instead, after glycolysis, the NADH wont dephosphorilize at complex 1 and will instead be sent to phosphorilize pyruvate forming lactase
  • if the pyruvate that is straight out of glycolysis is being phosphorilated right away, there will be no acetyl CoA for the krebs cycle, and it will stop
  • so glycolysis is needed to produce ATP, it needs 2 NAD+ to occur, so it will oxidise NADH with built up pyruvate as the oxidising agent creating lactase
  • the lactic acid buildup throws off the pH making it sore, tired, or stiff
  • at the end it needs to be dephosphorilated back into pyruvate, which takes oxygen… hence why we breathe more
28
Q

explain glycolysis

A

im not typing it out go look it up or smth idk

29
Q

what are the first four substances in krebs cycle

A

acetly CoA
oxoloacetate
citrate
isocitrate

30
Q

what are the 3 reactions that occur in pyruvate oxidation

A
  1. loses CO2
  2. NAD+ to NADH
  3. joins CoA to form acetyl CoA
31
Q

what happens if cyanide inhibits cytochrome oxidase

A

Electrons get clogged up (E.T.C. is blocked)
Oxygen cannot accept final electrons
ATP production is shut down, leading to coma and death

32
Q

what are the metabolic checkpoints/ regulators in CR

A

I DONT KNOW ASK HILLARY OR KEVIN OR SMTH

33
Q

what is the order of all the phosphorylations in krebs cycle

A 
acetyle CoA to Oxoloacetate to Citrate to Isocitrate 
*lose co2*
NAD+ to NADH
*lose co2*
NAD+ to NADH
ADP to ATP
FAD to FADH2
*CoA leaves*
*h2o goes in*
NAD+ to NADH
34
Q

What is ATP composed of

A

Nitrous base
5 carbon sugar
3 phosphate groups
Large amounts of free energy

35
Q

What is catabolism

A

Energy out as bonds are broken

36
Q

What is anabolism

A

Energy in as bonds are broken

37
Q

What are phototrophs

A

Organisms that build organic compounds from simpler inorganic compounds using light (like plants)

38
Q

What are heterotrophs

A

Rely on autotrophs for food (energy)

39
Q

What are chemoautotrophs

A

Gain energy from inorganic materials use of light (found in extreme environments)

40
Q

How long does it take for a cell to die without oxygen

A

5 mind

41
Q

What does an excess of ATP do

A

Inhibits phosphofructokinase

42
Q

What does an excess of citrate do

A

Inhibits phosphofructokinase

43
Q

What does an excess of NADH from the krebs cycle do

A

Inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase

44
Q

What does an excess of ADP do

A

Activates phosphofructokinase

45
Q

how many ATP for NADH

A

3 ATP for 1 NADH

46
Q

how much ATP formed for 1 FADH2

A

2ATP for FADH2

Grade 12 bio (7 decks)

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