Cellular Respiration Flashcards
what is the order of the cellular respiration stage
glycolysis
pyruvate oxidation
krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation/ ETC
how/where does hexokinase help
happens in cytoplasm
aids in the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucode 6 phosphate
ATP to ADP
how/where does phosphoglucose isomerse
cytoplasm
the isomerisation of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate
how/where does phosphofructokinase aid
cyctoplasm
the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-biphosphate
how/where does aldolase aid
cyctoplasm
separates fructose-1,6-biphosphate to G3P
how/where does G3P dehydrogenase aid
cytoplasm
uses NAD to NADH to form BPG
how/where does phosphoglycerate kinase aid
cytoplasm
changes 3PG to 2PG
how/where does enolase aid
cytoplasm
changes 2PG to pep
how/where does pyruvate kinase aid
cytoplasm
dephosphorylation of pep to form ATP and making a pyruvate
what is the net gain of glycolysis
2 pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH
what is the net gain of the krebs cycle
2 ATP
3 NADH
2 FADH2
how much ATP is formed through ETC
34
what is the first complex for ETC
NADH dehydrogenase
what and where does NADH dehydrogenase do
mitochondrial membrane
NADH to NAD releasing an H+
what/where does the cyctochrome complex happen
mitochondrial membrane
FADH2 to FAD releasing H+
what is the second complex in ETC
cyctochrome complex
what is the third complex in ETC
BC1 Complex
what is the fourth complex in ETC
cytochrome oxidase complex
what/where does the BC1 complex aid
mitochondrial membrane
aids in pumping electrons through to the cyctochrome oxidase complex
what/where does the cytochrome oxidase do
mitochondrial membrane
uses electrons from BC1 complex, adds it to O2 to make water
what does the ATP-ase complex do
it drives all the protons from the inner membrane space down to the matrix thanks to the electrochemical gradient… does some stuff and adds H+ to ADP to make ATP but many many times… 34 to be exact
what happens if there is no O2 for ETC
it gets backlogged and closes up
what happens if there’s no food for ETC
no electrons in the first place- literally doesn’t do anything at all
how is lactic acid formed
when there isn’t enough oxygen when exercising for all the glucose being used, NADH transfers their H+ atoms to pyruvate
what does lactic acid do
causes stiffness, soreness and fatigue
what happens to lactic acid after it is no longer needed
transported to the liver and oxidized back into pyruvate
why do we breathe heavily after working out
- not enough oxygen to keep up with the glucose (think complex IV)
- instead, after glycolysis, the NADH wont dephosphorilize at complex 1 and will instead be sent to phosphorilize pyruvate forming lactase
- if the pyruvate that is straight out of glycolysis is being phosphorilated right away, there will be no acetyl CoA for the krebs cycle, and it will stop
- so glycolysis is needed to produce ATP, it needs 2 NAD+ to occur, so it will oxidise NADH with built up pyruvate as the oxidising agent creating lactase
- the lactic acid buildup throws off the pH making it sore, tired, or stiff
- at the end it needs to be dephosphorilated back into pyruvate, which takes oxygen… hence why we breathe more
explain glycolysis
im not typing it out go look it up or smth idk
what are the first four substances in krebs cycle
acetly CoA
oxoloacetate
citrate
isocitrate
what are the 3 reactions that occur in pyruvate oxidation
- loses CO2
- NAD+ to NADH
- joins CoA to form acetyl CoA
what happens if cyanide inhibits cytochrome oxidase
Electrons get clogged up (E.T.C. is blocked)
Oxygen cannot accept final electrons
ATP production is shut down, leading to coma and death
what are the metabolic checkpoints/ regulators in CR
I DONT KNOW ASK HILLARY OR KEVIN OR SMTH
what is the order of all the phosphorylations in krebs cycle
acetyle CoA to Oxoloacetate to Citrate to Isocitrate *lose co2* NAD+ to NADH *lose co2* NAD+ to NADH ADP to ATP FAD to FADH2 *CoA leaves* *h2o goes in* NAD+ to NADH
What is ATP composed of
Nitrous base
5 carbon sugar
3 phosphate groups
Large amounts of free energy
What is catabolism
Energy out as bonds are broken
What is anabolism
Energy in as bonds are broken
What are phototrophs
Organisms that build organic compounds from simpler inorganic compounds using light (like plants)
What are heterotrophs
Rely on autotrophs for food (energy)
What are chemoautotrophs
Gain energy from inorganic materials use of light (found in extreme environments)
How long does it take for a cell to die without oxygen
5 mind
What does an excess of ATP do
Inhibits phosphofructokinase
What does an excess of citrate do
Inhibits phosphofructokinase
What does an excess of NADH from the krebs cycle do
Inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase
What does an excess of ADP do
Activates phosphofructokinase
how many ATP for NADH
3 ATP for 1 NADH
how much ATP formed for 1 FADH2
2ATP for FADH2
