Unit 1 Flashcards
Introduction
- History of reducing & replacing Problem Bx, put into context
- 2 Approaches
1. Topography-based txt model
2. Function-based txt model
Experimental Roots of ABA
*Early applications of behavior analysis were conducted by graduates from behavioral experimental psychology programs
The Early Days of ANA (1950s-1960s)
- Skinner’s students & other EAB trained persons go “beyond the box: ….from lab to life! (1950s- 1960s)
- They worked in “mental” hospitals, developmental centers, prisons schools and in the community
- Rutherford (2009)
The Pioneers of ABA
- Used methods of EAB to:
- Fig out what to do
- Evaluate thr effectiveness
- Were excellent prob solvers
- Solid grounding in the principles of operant & respondent learning
- ABA formalized in 1968 due to thr work
“Don’t Call, Us, Call Them…”
- Many early Bx analysts were sent referrals for: Cases others had tried but failed “The Deep End cases”, Severe & persistent problems
- The referral sources wanted us to do “Bx Mgmt” rather than doing “Therapy” or teaching skills
Demand for Behavioral Services
- Some early bx analysts focused on teaching skills, esp to young children with autism
- Still the greatest demand at the time was for bx analysts willing to work in severe bx
Behavior Modification
- Cookbook approach
- Topography-based
- Technologists
- Procedures at its core
Behavior analysis
- Individualized
- Function-based
- Analysts
- Basic principles at its core
ABA Resurfaces
*The function-Based approach takes hold due to:
- Pressure from human rights advocates to ban aversive & restrictive procedures
- A new generation of applied researchers starting in the late 1970s & blossoming in the 1990s
Problem Behavior
- Persistent pattern of Bx that interferes with attainment of meaningful outcomes. Problem Bx May:
- Minimize access to reinforcers
- Max likelihood of contacting punishers
- Result in restricted access to the community
Types of Problems With Behavior:
Topography Issues
- Criminal/ illegal
- Harmful/ dangerous or presents a health risk
- Damaging to property or materials
- Likely to become severe/ serious
- Of great concern to caregivers
- Interferes with access/ participation in the community or social relations
- Having a negative impact on work/ school performance
Types of Problems with Bx Parameter Issues:
- Rate
- IRT
- Duration
- Severity (too severe) or intensity (too intense)
- Occurs at the wrong time or place
Give at least one reason why behavior would be categorized as problematic:
“minimizes access to reinforcers,” “maximizes likelihood of contacting punishers,” or “results in restricted access to the community”
Other Terms for Problem Behavior
- Severe prob Bx (focus of most research & practice)
- Challenging bx
- Maladaptive bx
- Bx excesses
- Bx problems
Some Questions for Identifying Problem Bx
-Criminal/ illegal?
-Life-threatening to self or other?
-Harmful/ dangerous to self or others?
-Presenting a health risk to sell or others?
-Damaging property or materials?
-Likely to become severe or serious?
great concern to caregivers?
-Interfering with access to, participation in or acceptance in the community?
-Interfering with social relations?
-Having neg impact on performance in school or work?
Reference for the questions
-Some of the previous questions are from the “subjective assessment of prob bx scale” with some modifications
Some General Terms for Procedures for Problem Behavior
- Bx reduction procedures
- Decelerative or decal procedures
- Abative procedures
- Contingency-breaking procedures
- Replacement procedures: Reducing bx is not solely accomplished by using punishment/ Extinction!
Topography of Behavior:
*The physical nature of the response e.g. Raising my hand
Topography-Based Treatment Model
*Non-individualized treatment model in which treatment is selected based on the form of the response & selected treatments often involve the use of powerful Rxs & punishers
History of the Topography-Based Treatment Model
*1960s - 1980s: Treatments commonly based on topography of the Bx prob
Use of Powerful Consequences in the Topography-Based Model
- Powerful Rxs for:
- Absence of the prob bx
- Occurrence of incompatible &/ or appropriate Bx
- Powerful punishers for:
- Prob bx
- Precursors to prob Bx
“CookBook” Approach
Approach in which the treatment is selected based on the Topography of the response rather than being customized to the person & Function of the Bc
-A 1-size fits all approach
Analytical Failure of the Topography-Based Model
- There was a Technological drift & analysis was forgotten
- Structural approach
The Topography-Based Model Resulted in the Proliferation of:
- Differential Rx of other Bx (DRO)
- Artificial & often unhealthy Rxs e.g. candy, cigs
- Highly aversive or restrictive consequences for prob Bx e.g. water mist, restraints