Unit 03: Animal Form and Function Flashcards
What is anatomy?
The form of an animal.
What is physiology?
The functions of an organism.
What are tissues?
Groups of cells specialized for different functions.
What are organs?
Groups of similar tissues.
What are organ systems?
Groups of organs.
What is the function of the mammalian digestive system and the organs involved?
Food processing.
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver pancreas, anus.
What is the function of the mammalian circulatory system and the organs involved?
Internal distribution of materials.
Heart, blood vessels, blood.
What is the function of the mammalian respiratory system and the organs involved?
Gas exchange.
Lungs, trachea.
What is the function of the mammalian immune and lymphatic system and the organs involved?
Body defense - to fight infections and cancer.
Bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels, white blood cells.
What is the function of the mammalian excretory system and the components involved?
Disposal of metabolic (nitrogenous) wastes. Regulation of osmotic balance of blood.
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.
What is the function of the mammalian endocrine system and the components involved?
Coordination of body activities (metabolism, digestion, etc.)
Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, other hormone secreting glands.
What is the function of the mammalian reproductive system and the components involved?
Reproduction.
Ovaries/testes
What is the function of the mammalian nervous system and the components involved?
Coordination of activities; detection of stimuli and formulation of responses to them.
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs.
What is the function of the mammalian integumentary system and the components involved?
Protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration; thermoregulation.
Skin, hair, claws, skin glands.
What is the function of the mammalian skeletal system and the components involved?
Body support, protection of internal organs, movement.
Skeleton (bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage)
What is the function of the mammalian muscular system and the components involved?
Locomotion and other movement.
Skeletal muscles.
What are the three types of muscle tissues and some characteristics?
Skeletal - voluntary, long, cylindrical, multinucleated and striated. Found in like muscle muscle.
Cardiac - involuntary, multinucleated, cylindrical, branched, fused, striated. Heart.
Smooth - involuntary, small, spindle shaped, one nucleus, not striated. Lines digestive tract.
What is the general function of muscle tissue?
Body movement
What is the general function of nervous tissue?
Receiving, processing and transmitting information.
What are the types of nervous tissue and some characteristics?
Nerve cells (neurons) - transmit nerve impulses
Glial cells (glia) - protect, nourish, insulate neurons
What is the general function of connective tissue?
To bind to and support other tissues.
What are the six types of connective tissues and their functions/characteristics?
Loose: skin-body, organ position. Loose weave of fibers and cells.
Fibrous: muscle- bone = tendon, bone-bone = ligament, very strong parallel fibers
Bone: Calcium deposits, therefore very hard
Adipose: insulation and fuel, where cells store fat
Blood: organs-tissues. Red and white blood cells found in plasma (matrix).
Cartilage: bone-bone, provide flexible support. Fibers in protein-carb complex.
What is the general function of epithelial tissue?
Closely packed sheets of cells lining tubes and acting as outer covering.
What are the 3 types of epithelial tissue?
Cuboidal - used for secretion (kidneys)
Columnar (columns) - secretion, absorption (small intestine)
Squamous (flat) - protection , physical barrier. multilayered and regenerates rapidly (skin, mouth)
What are the 2 types of cell arrangements and why are they important?
Simple (single layer) - important for gas exchange
Squamous (multilayer) - important for areas w/ lots of friction to protect them.
What is the difference between conformers and regulators?
Conformers internal conditions’ change with environment, while regulators maintain homeostasis.
Describe how a negative feedback system works.
Sensor will detect change from a set point. Response then will work to get to the set point, once set point is reached, response stops.
What is osmoregulation?
Maintenance of solute and water concentrations.
What is an osmoconformer?
Animals that are isosmotic with environment. Ex. most marine inverts
What is an osmoregulator?
Animals that regulate their own internal osmolarity.
Done by actively transporting ions out using transport epithelia (requires energy) and passively moving water in.
Able to minimize concentration gradient inside relative to outside.
Are marine animals hyper/hyposmotic to water and how do they perform osmoregulation?
Hypoosmotic to water, therefore always losing water and gaining salts.
to regulate - drink water and excrete salts (gills, kidneys)
Are freshwater animals hyper/hyposmotic to water and how do they perform osmoregulation?
Hyperosmotic to water, therefore always gaining water and losing salts.
to regulate - drink little water, excrete dilute urine and replace lost salts (eating, uptake at gills)
Define thermoregulation.
Maintaining internal temperature within a range.
What is the methods of thermoregulation used by birds and mammals and how does it work?
Endothermy.
Generate heat via metabolism. Energetically costly, but active in wide temp. range.
Occurs in birds, mammals (36C - 41C)
What is the methods of thermoregulation used by inverts, fishes, amphibians and reptiles and how does it work?
Ectothermy.
Gain heat from external heat sources.
Low energy cost but active in narrow temp. range.
What are poikilotherms?
Animals where body temperature varies with environment. (varies)
Usually ectotherms, sometimes endotherms like hummingbirds and bats.
What are homeotherms?
Animals where body temp. doesn’t vary with environment. (constant)
Typically endotherms, can be ectotherms like fish and inverts living in stable temps.
What are the 5 methods of heat regulation?
Insulation - skin, hair, feathers, blubber. Traps heat.
Evaporation - Panting, sweating to lose heat.
Behaviour - Huddling, postures, altering habitat
Circulatory adaptations - Vasodilation (heat loss), vasoconstriction (heat entrapment), counter current heat flow.
Thermogenesis - adjustment of metabolic heat production (shivering)
What are the two types of thermogenesis? Describe them.
Topor - temporary (daily) reduction in metabolic activity
Hibernation - extended reduction in metabolic activity
Allow for heat/energy conservation
What is the difference between a basal metabolic rate and a standard metabolic rate?
Basal metabolic rate is the metabolic rate of an endotherm at a “comfortable” temp. SMR is the metabolic rate of an ectotherm at a specific temp.
Both assume a non-growing, fasting and non-stressed animal.
What is the average daily rate of energy consumption for terrestrial animals?
2-4 times BMR (endotherms) or SMR (ectotherms)
What is acclimatization?
Adjustment of insulation/other factors to acclimatize to seasonal temperature changes.
