unit 0 vocab.

Question 1

absolute zero the lowest temp possible where there is no motion or heat
filtration the process in which solid particles in a liquid or gaseous fluid are removed by the use of a filter medium that permits the fluid to pass through but retains the solid particles
filtrate that which has passed through a filter
reagent a substance added to create a chemical reaction
Supernatant The liquid on top of material deposited by settling or centrifugation.
precipitate a solid formed by a change in a solution (often due to chemical reaction or change in temp) that decreases solubility of a solid
halides/halogens group 17 of the periodic table (Br, F, At, I, Cl, Ts)
alkaline earth metals Group 2 of the periodic table
alkali metals Group 1 of the periodic table
noble gas Elements in group 18 of the periodic table. Have no charge and are gases under normal conditions. (Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon)
inert a substance that is not chemically reactive
cation A positively charged ion
anion A negatively charged ion
ion A charged atom
polyatomic ion an ion made of two or more atoms
atom Smallest particle of an element that cannot be broken down, has a nucleus, and is the fundamental unit of all matter
molecule A group of atoms bonded together
element A pure substance made of only one kind of atom
enthalpy The heat content of a system at constant pressure and total energy of a system
isotope An atom with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons from other atoms of the same element.
solution A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
Immiscible liquids that are not soluble in each other
Wavelength Horizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent waves
Frequency The number of complete waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time
aqueous dissolved in water (solution with water as a solvent)
clear ability to see through an object
colorless absence of color
period horizontal row in the periodic table (corresponds to amount of electron shells)
group/family Vertical column in the periodic table (same number of electrons in outermost shell)
allotrope One of two or more different molecular forms of an element in the same physical state
diffusion Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
dissociation when molecules separate/split into other things such as atoms, ions, or radicals (usually reversible)
electrolyte substance that conducts electric currents from dissociation into ions
nonelectrolyte A compound that doesn’t conduct an electric current in aqueous solution or in the molten state
calorimetry the process of measuring the amount of heat released or absorbed during a chemical reaction
Exothermic Releases heat
endothermic Absorbs heat
double replacement reaction when positive/negative ions of two ionic compounds exchange places to form two new compounds
single replacement reaction one element is substituted for another element in a compound
synthesis reaction a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound
decompisition reaction a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances
combustion reaction a chemical change in which an element or a compound reacts with oxygen, often producing energy in the form of heat and light
binary compound a compound composed of two elements
mole a very large unit of measurement (6.022 e23)
salt a substance produced by the reaction of acid with a base
Solvent A substance capable of dissolving other substances
solute A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
STP (standard temperature and pressure) nominal conditions in the atmosphere at sea level (1 atm, 0c, 273K)
system the set of substances and energy being studied
limiting reagent any reactant that is used up first in a chemical reaction; it determines the amount of product that can be formed in the reaction
excess reagent the reactant that is not completely used up in a reaction
actual yield the measured amount of a product obtained from a reaction
theoretical yield the quantity of a product from a perfect chemical reaction
unsaturated solution a solution that has less than the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved
saturated solution a solution that cannot dissolve any more solute under the given conditions
Molarity the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
volatile how easily a substance can vaporize
valence electron Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom
lone pair electrons/unshared pair electrons valence electrons that are not shared with another atom in a covalent bond
Accuracy how close a measurement is to the true value
Precision a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another
significant figures the number of rounded digits needed to determine the precision of a measurement in chemistry
fusion when two atoms slam together to form a heavier atom
Sublimation A change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid
Vaporization Liquid to gas
Summation regardless of multiple stages of a reaction, the total enthalpy change for the reaction is the sum of all changes
alloy A mixture of two or more metals
NO3- Nitrate
NO2- Nitrite
OH- hydroxide
PO4 3- Phosphate
SO4 2- Sulfate
PO3 3- Phosphite
CO3 2- Carbonate
CH3C00 - acetate
transition metal and non metal written with roman numerals
2 non metals greek prefixes
metal and non metal name each regularly
Metalloids Found along the ‘staircase’. Have properties of both metals and nonmetals
milli 1/1000 (1000 = 1)
centi 1/100 (100 = 1)
Kilo 1000 (1 = 1000)
mega 10^6
nano 10^-9 (1 billionth)
pico 10^-12 (1 trillionth)
compound different types of atoms bonded together
Mixture particles in sample are different from the other particles
homogeneous mixture uniform
heterogeneous mixture not uniform
physical property observed without changing the identity or makeup of a substance
chemical property exhibited when a substance reacts with other substances
multiplication/division (sig figs) least number of sig figs in problem
addition and subtraction sig figs least number of decimal places
electrons relative mass 5.846 x 10^-4 amu
protons relative mass 1.0073 amu
neutron relative mass 1.0087 amu
The top number in nuclear symbol mass number
mass number the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus
bottom number of nuclear symbol atomic number
atomic number number of protons
atomic weight (atomic mass) the weighted average of the masses of all the isotopes of an element
atomic weight formula S (isotope %)(isotope mass)/100
metals left of staircase
non metals right of staircase
molecular compound compound of 2 nonmetals
ionic compound compound composed of a metal and nonmetal
Al charge +3
Zn charge +2
Ag charge +1