Unique New Content Flashcards
bot
to be
gwneuther
to do
mynet
to go
dyuot
to come
dywed-
say, speak
INDEPENDENT 1sg conjunctive pronoun
mynheu
INDEPENDENT 1pl conjunctive pronoun
ninheu
INDEPENDENT 2sg conjunctive pronoun
titheu
INDEPENDENT 2pl conjunctive pronoun
chwitheu
INDEPENDENT 3m sg conjunctive pronoun
ynteu
INDEPEDENT 3m pl conjunctive pronoun
wynteu
INDEPEDENT 3f conjunctive pronoun
hitheu
INDEPEDENT 1sg reduplicated pronoun
miui/mivi
INDEPEDENT 1pl reduplicated pronoun
nini
INDEPEDENT 2sg reduplicated pronoun
tidi
INDEPEDENT 2pl reduplicated pronoun
chwichwi
INDEPEDENT 3m sg reduplicated pronoun
efo
INDEPEDENT 3m pl reduplicated pronoun
wyntwy
INDEPEDENT 3f reduplicated pronoun
hihi
honn
this (feminine)
honno
that (feminine)
hwnn
this (masculine)
hwnnw
that (masculine)
hynn
these (plural)
hynny
those (plural)
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun 1sg and mutation
m, occasional h-prefixing
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 1pl
‘n, none
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 2sg
‘th, lenition
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 2pl
‘(w)ch
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 3m sg
‘e^h / y^h / s
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 3m 3pl
‘e^h / y^h / s
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 3f sg and pl
‘e^h / y^h / s
POSSESSIVE standard pronoun and mutation 1sg
(f/v)y(n) ideally fy or vy, nasalization
POSSESSIVE standard pronoun and mutation 1pl
an/yn, h-prefixing of vowel
POSSESSIVE standard pronoun and mutation 2sg
dy, lenition
POSSESSIVE standard pronoun and mutation 2pl
ach/ych, none
POSSESSIVE standard pronoun and mutation 3sg m
y, lenition
POSSESSIVE standard pronoun and mutation 3sg f
y, spirantization
POSSESSIVE standard pronoun and mutation 3pl
eu or “eu yw y”, h-prefixing (sometimes)
POSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 1sg
‘m and probably just h prefixing
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 1pl
‘n and probably just h prefixing
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 2sg
‘th
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 2pl
‘(w)ch
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 3sg m
‘e ‘y
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 3pl m
‘e ‘y
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 3sg and pl f
‘e ‘y
consuetudinal definition
when something is usual/habitual and likely to occur in future usually referring to ‘byd’ root of bot which is used for consuetudinal and future
byd root use
future, consuetudinal
byd derived from
bot “to be”
Cardinals: 1, mutation
un, lenition but only on feminine singular noun
Cardinals: 2, mutation
deu / dwy , lenition
Cardinals: 3, mutation
Tri (S/N), teir (none)
Cardinals: 4, mutation
pedwar / pedeir, none
Cardinals: 6, mutation
chwech^L/S/N
Cardinals: 7, mutation
seith, lenition or nasalization
Cardinals: 8, mutation
Wyth, lenition
Cardinals: 9, mutation
Naw, nasalization
Cardinals: 10, mutation
Dec, nasalization
Cardinals: 5, mutation
Pymp, lenition or nasalization
Bot indic imperfect root
oed e.g. “oedwn”. “oed”, “oedut”, “oedynt”
What are these? bu e.g. “buum”, “bu”, “buost”, “buant”
“Bot” examples related to the past as they have “b” start but not “byd”. Speciically here, indicate preterite
Bot present tense set
wyf 1sg, wyt 2sg, ym 1 sg, ywch 2pl, yw / (y)taw / oes 3sg, ynt 3pl, mae, maent
Bot: any past tense root
Anything that does not include “byd” that starts with a “b”
What are these? subj.pres. subj.imperf. sg. pl. sg. pl. 1 bwyf bom bewn beym 2 bych boch be(h)ut - 3 bo bo(e)n(t) bei/pei beynt impers. byther impers. bythit
“Bot” examples related to the past as they have “b” start but not “byd”. Speciically here, indicate presence or imperfect (combined the two)
What are these? sg. pl. 1 buum buam buasswn - 2 buost buawch buassut - 3 bu buant/-ont buassei buassynt
“Bot” examples related to the past as they have “b” start but not “byd”. Speciically here, icnludes jumbled both preterite and plusperfect forms
Any verb with root “gwn”:
to do, or to make
What is this: “athwyt”
an example of mynet (to go)
Identifying mynet root
it’s often something like “aeth”
What is this: doeth
Preterite 3sg came (dyuot)
What is this: daw
Present 3sg came (dyuot)
Identifying dyuot root
like any d verb that isn’t provided or in the vocab sheet
what is this: deuent
imperative 3pl “come!”
what is this: down
imperative 1pl “come!”
what is this: dyfydd
imperative 2sg “come!”
to love 2sg present
kery
to love 2pl present
kerwch
to love impersonal
kerir
to love imperfect 1sg
carwn (yeah that’s annoying asf bc same as present tense 1pl)
to love
-assa aspect to verb ending usual meaning
preterite plural
kereis
preterite 1sg “love”
kereist
preterite 2sg “love”
kyntaf
first
eil
second
dwylaw
pair of hands
how to form an equative
add ending -(h)et to the adjective and add the word kyn^L in front
kyn dewet a Phwyll
as fat as Pwyll
ky^N, kyf^L
they, for their part,
wynteu
she, for her part,
hitheu
‘m
I/mine
‘n
us/ours
‘th
you/yours
‘(w)ch
you all / all of yours’
‘e
they/their
‘y
they/their
’s
they/their
what makes a sentence proper?
what makes a sentence improper?
Start sentence with non subject and then in the middle do something that is the actual subject taking an action. More specifically, “antecedent not the subject in the relative clause”.
A weird example: The knight whose shield is big protects Wales. Whose shield is big is genitival relative clause with genitival relation to antecedent.
“Kyrmru a different y marchawc yd yw mawr y daryan”
what is nominativus pendens?
noun hangs at start of sentence followed by normal order for emphasis often in poems. there is always a pronoun in the normal order referring back to the noun.
what is the “usually” or “habitually” or “tends to” (repeatedly is and will in the future) type of verb called
consueteudinal
kynnar
early
early
kynnar
da
good
drwc
bad
llaw
small
mawr
big
arnaf
upon me
arnam
upon us
arnat
upon you
arnawch
upon you all
arnaw
upon him
arnadu(n)t, arnunt
upon them (males)
arnei erni
upon her
yna vs yma
there vs here
dyw-
speak root
subjunctive stem ending of irregular verbs
-el
what is “dos” and what does it mean
imperative 2sg mynet, “go!”
gwnaeth
3sg gwneutheur “made”
goruc
also 3sg gwneutheur past tense “did,” or “made”. Very often did in a tale e.g. “mynet a oruc Padric y Iwerdon” Patrick went to Ireland. Literally “going Patrick did to Ireland”
forming comparison X more than - how?
add “ach” to adjective. e.g. tewach y Pwyll, ie. “fatter no Phwyll”
Abstract nouns (e.g. whiteness): forming them
Can be formed by adding equative ending to a noun (et). E.g. gwynnet
forming superlative - how
add “(h)af” to adjective e.g. tewaf “fattest”
minnheu
for my part
making a singular out of a collective noun
add ynn or enn masculine or feminine respectively
making a normal plural out of a collective noun that became singular
usually add ‘eu’
stem el-
mynet subjunctive mood (may happen)
stem del-
dyuot subjunctive mood (may happen)
steam gwnel-
gwneuther ‘to do, make’ subjunctive mood (may happen)
often making subjunctive
adding an -o or a -ych ending to verb stem, essentially, maybe with an h or something thrown in w.g. carho ‘may love’. BUT ALSO often adding a -ych tpye thing
when use subjunctive
something may happen. or polite command “i hope you will _”
clywei
has evolved to often mean “could hear’ (originally just imperfect)
gwelei
has evolved to often mean “could see” (originally just imperfect)
Making pluperfect ‘something had been the case’
often adding an “(a)s(s)” in hte middle . “carassei” he had loved. “welsei” he had seen. “Buassat” had been
araf
slow
making adverb
add ‘yn’ e.g. ‘yn araf’ “in a slow manner” or “slowly”
ef a oed yn y charu
periphrastic construction with the verbal noun ‘he was loving her’
Oedwn yn y glywet (ef) meaning and what example of?
I was hearing him, and periphrastic construction with roundabout use of VN
oruc
3sg past to do, to make
gwnelhei
used to do
3sg past to do, to make
oruc
