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Middle Welsh 1 > Personal + posessive pronouns, past tenses of verbs, all verb present tense endings, examples of lack of concord, forms of "to be", random vocab harder to remember inverted > Flashcards

Personal + posessive pronouns, past tenses of verbs, all verb present tense endings, examples of lack of concord, forms of "to be", random vocab harder to remember inverted Flashcards

1
Q

ydyw

A

“to be” substantive location 3sg

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2
Q

ydynt

A

not at start of sentence “to be” substantive location 3pl

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3
Q

yw

A

not at start of sentence “to be” copula 3sg

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4
Q

ynt

A

not at start of sentence “to be” copula 3pl

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5
Q

yssit

A

start of sentence “to be” existence 3sg

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6
Q

oes^L

A

not at start of sentence “to be” existence both 3pl and 3sg

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7
Q

yssydynt

A

start of sentence “to be” existence 3pl

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8
Q

ys

A

start of sentence “to be” copula 3sg and 3pl

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9
Q

mae

A

start of sentence “to be” location 3sg

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10
Q

maent

A

start of sentence “to be” location 3pl

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11
Q

ar

A

on

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12
Q

yn

A

in

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13
Q

y^L

A

to, for

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14
Q

1sg personal pronoun - normal, dependent, reduplicated

A

mi, ui, miui

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15
Q

3sg m personal pronoun - normal, dependent, reduplicated

A

ef, ef, efo

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16
Q

2sg personal pronoun - normal, dependent, reduplicated

A

ti, di, tidi

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17
Q

3sg f personal pronoun - normal, dependent, reduplicated

A

hi, hi, hihi

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18
Q

1pl personal pronoun - normal, dependent, reduplicated

A

ni, ni, nini

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19
Q

2pl personal pronoun - normal, dependent, reduplicated

A

chwi, chwi, chwichwi

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20
Q

3pl personal pronoun - normal, dependent, reduplicated

A

wynt, wynt, wyntwy

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21
Q

to see

A

gwel-

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22
Q

day

A

dyd

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23
Q

to call

A

galw-

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24
Q

to hear

A

clyw-

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25
Q

bishop

A

escob

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26
Q

to praise

A

mawl-

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27
Q

or

A

neu^L

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28
Q

if

A

o(t)^S/L

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29
Q

cold

A

oer

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30
Q

thing

A

peth

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31
Q

when

A

pan^L

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32
Q

to give

A

rhod-

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33
Q

while

A

tra^L

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34
Q

until

35
Q

our, mutation?

A

an/yn, adds “h” before vowel in following word if it starts with a vowel

36
Q

his, mutation?

A

y, lenition

37
Q

her, mutation?

A

y, spirantization

38
Q

your sg, mutation?

A

dy, lenition

39
Q

your pl, mutation?

A

ych/ach, none

40
Q

my, mutation?

A

fy, nasalization

41
Q

their pl, mutation?

A

eu, sometimes h-prefixing

42
Q

b - nasalization, lenition, spirantization

43
Q

c - nasalization, lenition, spirantization

A

ngh, g, ch

44
Q

d - nasalization, lenition, spirantization

45
Q

g - nasalization, lenition, spirantization

46
Q

h - nasalization, lenition, spirantization

A

h, h, h (no change)

47
Q

ll - nasalization, lenition, spirantization

A

ll, l, ll (basically no change)

48
Q

m - nasalization, lenition, spirantization

49
Q

n - nasalization, lenition, spirantization

A

n, n, n (no change)

50
Q

p - nasalization, lenition, spirantization

51
Q

t - nasalization, lenition, spirantization

52
Q

y - nasalization, lenition, spirantization

A

y, y, y (no change)

53
Q

compound how to make

A

can combine or just list nouns separately but adjacent, and causes lenition in second noun e.g. mor ‘sea’ and march ‘horse’ can form a compound moruarch ‘sea-horse’, i.e. whale.

54
Q

when (compounding) a becomes ac

A

before vowel

55
Q

Prydein is Middle Welsh name for Britain. What is “The Isle of Britain”, including any “the” particles

A

Ynys Brydein

56
Q

“The sword of the man”

A

“cledyf y gwr”

57
Q

How to negate

A

Place negating particle (ny(t)^S/L, t if following word begins with vowel) in front of verb

58
Q

Create a negative mixed order sentence “it is not Jack that I love”. and when is there lack of verbal concord in mixed order

A

Nyt Jack a garaf ui. When the subject comes before the verb (when the subject is being highlighted by the contrast)

59
Q

Create positive mixed order sentence with subject as highlighted part - “i am the one who lives the woman”

A

Ys mi a gar y wreic

60
Q

this (male singular)

61
Q

this (female singular)

62
Q

these

63
Q

that (male singular)

64
Q

that (female singular)

65
Q

those

66
Q

How to make interrogative/question. should you use the “start of sentence” version of “to be” verbs?

A

Add “a” to start of sentence, add “?” to end. No, do not use the start of sentence versions.

67
Q

Make “Hywel the Fat” and “Breda, son of Hamburg” appositives - what rule need to apply for thing following first word?

A

Hywel Deu —– Breda uab Hamburg (lenition)

68
Q

imperfect 1sg, pl

69
Q

imperfect 2sg, pl

A

-ut, -ewch

70
Q

imperfect 3sg, pl

71
Q

imperfect impersonal

A

-it (i-affection)

72
Q

preterite 1sg, pl

A

-eis (i-affection), -assam

73
Q

preterite 2sg, pl

A

-eist (i-affection), -assawch

74
Q

preterite 3sg, pl

A

-awd (and a bunch of random others), -assant

75
Q

preterite imperfect

A

-wyt (and a bunch of random others all ending with ‘t’)

76
Q

all verb endings in present tense:
1sg, 1pl, 2sg, 2pl, 3sg, 3pl, impersonal

A

-af, -wn, -y (-it/-yd) (i-affection), -wch (i-affection), -0/, -ant, -ir (i-affection)

77
Q

all verb endings “can”:
1sg, 1pl, 2sg, 2pl, 3sg, 3pl, impersonal

A

canaf, canwn, kery, kenwch, can, canant, kenir

78
Q

When is there lack of concord other than mixed order

A

There is a plural noun subject placed after the verb e.g. Cassec a gar yr henyon uerchet

79
Q

“on” 3sg (m), 3pl (m)

A

arnaw, amadu

80
Q

naar (to, for)

81
Q

y (to, for) 3sg (m), 3pl (m), 3sg or pl (f)

A

idaw, udu(nt), idi

82
Q

internal i-affection a

83
Q

internal i-affection aw

Middle Welsh 1 (9 decks)

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