Unification of Germany Flashcards
Code Napoléon/Napoleonic Code
Unified common laws and justice system across Germanic states.
Confederation of the Rhine
1806-1813 Confederation of French ‘client’ Germanic states.
Wartburg and Hambach Festivals
1817 and 1832 - demonstrations of national prideand a common ideal.
European System
Quadruple Alliance of Russia, Austria, Prussia and United Kingdom - members responsible for the downfall of the First French Empire, organised by Metternich.
Metternich
Austrian Chancellor and Prince - ‘The Architect of Europe’.
Congress of Vienna
1815 - Aimed at settling issues arising from the French Revolutions, Napoleonic Wars and dissolving the Holy Roman Empire. Resulted in Austria asserting influence over Germanic states.
Holy Roman Empire
Loose conglomeration of Italian, Germanic and Western European states datig back to the 800s.
The Six Articles
1832 - Stipulated that federal law superceded individual states’ laws.
The Ten Articles
1832 - Forbade political meetings, appeals and festivals in order to ‘maintain peace’.
Congress of Troppau
1820 - Agreement between Russia, Prussia and Austria to supress revolution.
The German Confederation
1815 - Loose organisation of Germanic states allowing Metternich/Austria to manage easier.
The Zollverein
1818 - N. German economic alliance, a free economic trade area. 1830 - Hesse-Cassel joins, 1834 - Bavaria and Wuttemburg join. 1834 - Z consists of 18 states = 23 million people. Post 1850 Prussia = fastest industrialising state in Europe.
Prussian Aims for the Zollverein
Reduced tarriffs and custom duties will = increased trade then further industrialisation. Control over smaller German states. Exclusion/weakening of Austria. Political influence through economic prowess.
Austrian Reaction to Zollverein
Refused to join as agricultural economy = weak in comparison. Had a protectionist economic policies. 1848 - General Schwarzenberg tries to get Austria to join, Prussia rejects. 1853 and 1868 - Austria tries to hijack Zollverein = failed attempts.
Prussian Economic Growth
Krupp Steel = major Prussian industrial staple. Coal, iron and chemical production increased.Railroad improvements helped transport, and in turn, trade. 1865- German Princes (supported by Prussia) joined trade agreement with France (which was unconstitutional) and renew the Zollverein, instead of joining an agreement with Austria.
Causes of 1848 Revolutions
Liberal and Nationalistic ideas. Militias. Baden demanding a Bill of Rights. Socio-economic = unemployment, population growth, resulting in stretched resources. 1846 -1847 = harvest failures and food prices increasing. Class conciousness raised as Marxist ideology spreads across Europe.
Austria Weakening 1848
Revolutions in Vienna overthrow Metternich and new, more liberal Ministers are appointed by King Ferdinand I of Austria.
Frankfurt Parliament
1848 - ‘National’ Parliament created by revolutionaries. Elected representatives of each area. Becomes talking shop for German state (Gross or Kleindeutschland?) and new Constitution.
Berlin Revolution
March 1848 - King Frederick Wilhelm IV conceeds and gives a constitution because he is surrounded by revolutionaries and abondoned by his Generals due to miscommunication.
King Wilhelm IV’s ‘Support’ of the Revolution
Writes ‘To my dear Berliners’ proposing himself as the new King of Germany. Rides through Berlin wearing a Tricolour flag on his arm. States: “I want liberty; I will have unity in Germany.” Refuses to “pick up a crown from the gutter” when offered King of Germany form Frankfurt Parliament.
U-Turn of Wilhelm IV’s Support of the Revolution
Having sated the revolutionaries and safely in Potsdam with his Generals he begins organising to repress the revolution.
Schleswig-Holstein Incident #1
1848 - Frankfurt Parliament declares wa on Denmark as part of Nationalist Agenda (Germans live in S. Holstein). August 1848 - FWIV has regained control and betrays Germans by signing armistice with Danes.
The Prussian Constitution #1
November/December 1848 -FWIV proclaims Constitution (mix of liberalism and absolutism);Freedom of justice, religion, assembly. Emergency clause gave all power to King.
Erfurt Union Plan
1849 - General Radowitz + King Wilhelm IV plan to create a Union of N. German states under Prussian protection and Presidency. Appealed to FWIV because the concept of ‘Germany’ could be created under Prussian ways. Key factor = Austria should be excluded. Austrian led German Confederation = rival.
Capitulation of Olmutz
11 states (incl. bigger ones like Hanover) refuse to come to Erfurt Union meeting because of fear of Prussian hegemony. At Olmutz meeting FWIV agrees to abandon plan in favour of revised German Confederation under Austrian Presidency.
Crimean War
1854-1856 - Prussian neutrality. Austrian neutrality broke Holy Alliance with Russia.
Austro-Franco War
1859 - A defeated by F and Piedmontese forces, destroyed prestige and military power. Prussian mobilisation to help A too slow. Mobilised quicker in the S. German states to protect Rhine frontier from F expansionism.
Prussian Reforms: Army
1857 - von Moltke = Chief of Staff for Prussian Army, catalyst for reforms. 1862 - proposed reforms make army = to A’s army; 63,000 men called up each year for period of 7 years, by 1866=370,000 men. Made everyone modernise their tactics to fit new technology. Re-vamped Clausewitz Officer Academy.
Prussian Reforms: Army Technology
Prussian army = most technically advanced in Europe. Railways built with swift troop/arms deployment in mind. Dreyse Needle Gun = 5x faster than old muzzle loaded guns.Krupp breech-loaded artillery = highly efficient. Prussian training at ‘School of Gunnery’.
Prussian Reforms: Economy
Heavy industry developed. Iron/Coal industry grows 1837 onwards because of steam engines and deep shaft mines. State aided private business in heavy industry. 1851 and 1860 - Mining laws = halves taxes and frees owners from state supervision. 1864 steel production = 7x more than in 1848. 1860, 55% of railways controlled by Prussia.
The Constitutional Crisis: Politics
1860 - Conservative Wilhelm I succeeds FWIV (already 63 y/o). Prussia becomes more anti-Austria, Russia, military at this time. These ideals developed into the Progress Party .During Landtag (Parliamentary) elections PP = Feb 1862, 83 seats. May 1862, 136 seats (only 11 Conservatives) after WI disolved Parliament.
The Constitutional Crisis: Politics
1860 - Conservative Wilhelm I succeeds FWIV (already 63 y/o). Prussia becomes more anti-Austria, Russia, military at this time. These ideals developed into the Progress Party .During Landtag (Parliamentary) elections PP = Feb 1862, 83 seats. May 1862, 136 seats (only 11 Conservatives) after WI disolved Parliament.
The Constitutional Crisis: Army
von Roon wanted 53 new regiments anda a reduction in the Landwehr militias.WI wants this too but needs Landtag’s approval (unlikely) so he dissolves it and it backfires (increased liberal opposition).
The Constitutional Crisis: Bismarck
September 1862 - After considering abdication, WI appoints Bismarck as Chancellor (previously Ambassador to Paris). Attempts to comprimise with Landtag fail, September 30th 1862 - Blood and Iron Speech. Through tax increases illegally finances national budget by side-stepping Landtag. Gap Theory (Proposed by B) idn’t take into account King-Landtag disagreements.
Schleswig-Holstein Incident #2
1863 - King Frederick VII of S-H dies, successor = Christian IX, brings S-H closer to Denmark, starts panic within native German community. B pretends to support member of Habsburgs Prince Augustenburg for the throne during the war. 1864 - A and Prussia beat S-H easily.
Treaty of Vienna
October 1864 - A try but A on throne but B stops them saying P should get S-H because of proximity, no resolution.