Unification of Germany Flashcards

Question

Capitulation of Olmutz

Answer 1

11 states (incl. bigger ones like Hanover) refuse to come to Erfurt Union meeting because of fear of Prussian hegemony. At Olmutz meeting FWIV agrees to abandon plan in favour of revised German Confederation under Austrian Presidency.

Answer 2

1854-1856 - Prussian neutrality. Austrian neutrality broke Holy Alliance with Russia.

Answer 3

1859 - A defeated by F and Piedmontese forces, destroyed prestige and military power. Prussian mobilisation to help A too slow. Mobilised quicker in the S. German states to protect Rhine frontier from F expansionism.

Answer 4

1857 - von Moltke = Chief of Staff for Prussian Army, catalyst for reforms. 1862 - proposed reforms make army = to A's army; 63,000 men called up each year for period of 7 years, by 1866=370,000 men. Made everyone modernise their tactics to fit new technology. Re-vamped Clausewitz Officer Academy.

Answer 5

Prussian army = most technically advanced in Europe. Railways built with swift troop/arms deployment in mind. Dreyse Needle Gun = 5x faster than old muzzle loaded guns.Krupp breech-loaded artillery = highly efficient. Prussian training at 'School of Gunnery'.

Answer 6

Heavy industry developed. Iron/Coal industry grows 1837 onwards because of steam engines and deep shaft mines. State aided private business in heavy industry. 1851 and 1860 - Mining laws = halves taxes and frees owners from state supervision. 1864 steel production = 7x more than in 1848. 1860, 55% of railways controlled by Prussia.

Answer 7

1860 - Conservative Wilhelm I succeeds FWIV (already 63 y/o). Prussia becomes more anti-Austria, Russia, military at this time. These ideals developed into the Progress Party .During Landtag (Parliamentary) elections PP = Feb 1862, 83 seats. May 1862, 136 seats (only 11 Conservatives) after WI disolved Parliament.

Answer 8

1860 - Conservative Wilhelm I succeeds FWIV (already 63 y/o). Prussia becomes more anti-Austria, Russia, military at this time. These ideals developed into the Progress Party .During Landtag (Parliamentary) elections PP = Feb 1862, 83 seats. May 1862, 136 seats (only 11 Conservatives) after WI disolved Parliament.

Answer 9

von Roon wanted 53 new regiments anda a reduction in the Landwehr militias.WI wants this too but needs Landtag's approval (unlikely) so he dissolves it and it backfires (increased liberal opposition).

Answer 10

September 1862 - After considering abdication, WI appoints Bismarck as Chancellor (previously Ambassador to Paris). Attempts to comprimise with Landtag fail, September 30th 1862 - Blood and Iron Speech. Through tax increases illegally finances national budget by side-stepping Landtag. Gap Theory (Proposed by B) idn't take into account King-Landtag disagreements.

Answer 11

1863 - King Frederick VII of S-H dies, successor = Christian IX, brings S-H closer to Denmark, starts panic within native German community. B pretends to support member of Habsburgs Prince Augustenburg for the throne during the war. 1864 - A and Prussia beat S-H easily.

Answer 12

October 1864 - A try but A on throne but B stops them saying P should get S-H because of proximity, no resolution.

Answer 13

August 1865 - B organises so that H goes with A and S with P. H is closer to P.

Answer 14

October 1865 - Napoleon III and B meet at Biarritz. Secret neutrality agreement in case of A-P War resulting from S-H arrangement. NIII agrees because he thinks A and P will decimate each other.

Answer 15

December 1865 - Secret alliance with P and Italy. Italy gets Venetia if they fight A with P and win within 3 months of signing agreement.

Answer 16

B states P has rights to H. Austria mobilises (B uses as justification for invasion of H). War = A+German Confederation vs. P, P mobilises to A's border in 5 days compared to A's 45 days, thanks to railways.

Answer 17

July 1866 - 20,000 deaths:9000 deaths P wins.

Answer 18

August 1866 - B stops WI invading Austria, politica prowess shown as did not want French to intercede.

Answer 19

July 1866 - P annexes S-H, Hesse-Cassel, Hanover, Frankfurt and Nassau. All other N. German states join in N. German Confederation.

Answer 20

1867 - Product of the Treaty of Prague.

Answer 21

1866 - Secret treaty with Catholic Bavaria, Wuttemberg, Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt.

Answer 22

King of Hanover deposed, B takes his money and makes 'Reptile Fund' (a slash fund). 'Universal manhood sufferage', still extremely limited though. Prussia = head of Kleindeutschland for first time.

Answer 23

B wrote N. German Confederation's Constitution, becomes basis of 1871 German Constitution.

Answer 24

1867 - Re-worked Zollverein syste for N. German Confederation. Encorporates S. German states (so economically unified).

Answer 25

1867 - B admits to Landtag that his money-related actions = illegal and asks for pardon. Due to his successes in '66 they say sure.

Answer 26

NIII very unhappy as he expected A and P to decimate each other rather than for P to grow greatly in power. Now has influence over 2/3 of Germany with complete economic influence.

Answer 27

1867 - NIII wants Luxemburg as compensation for the War A-P War. B doesn't want to piss off Liberals so says no. Eventually they both agree L can be an independent nation. S German states become closer with P as they are scared of French expansionism now.

Answer 28

1870 - Post-revoltution Spanish throne is opened up, Prince Leopold (Hohenzollern = German family). WI = relation so would be beneficial for P. B convinces WI to support L as it will upset F. Count Benedetti (F Ambassador to Berlin) goes to Em where WI is andconvinces him to retract support as it will cause conflict.

Answer 29

NIII orders Benedetti to officially renunciate L's claim. WI refuses politely. Aids send discussion between WI and Benedetti to B with permission to dispense to press. B edits telegram to sound insulting towards WI (makes F agressor). Published in F and Germany.

Answer 30

1871 - NIII declares War (result of Ems Telegram). F = agressor thus S. German states help because of secret treaty. BAttles of Metz and Sedan decisive G wins. Military unity throughout G. NIII captured and government falls apart.

Answer 31

Ceremony in the Palace of Versaille's 'Hall of Mirrors'. WI made German Kaiser. S German states join officially, completing Kleindeutschland.

Answer 32

1864 S-H, manipulated for benefit of P but wanted P-central unified G. N G Confederation = step towards unity, whole unity too fast for R and F if in '66 and '67. Secret S G Military alliance = partial unity. P Constitution forms basis of G Constitution. Ems Telegram, B knew would begin war with F and Start secret treaty.

Answer 33

B always loyal to P and WI. All actions could be to benefit P. G Nationalism just excuse for war t gain teritory for P. Post 1848 B was reactionary and anti-liberal, but can use liberals when useful. Isn't concerned about ideological unification of G.

Answer 34

B planned everything; evidence of this in B's memoirs, but very unreliable. Historians; Schulze, Carr, Marcks, G. Robertson.

Answer 35

B = skilled diplomat and leader, but was moving with 'the tide' rather than planning. Concerned with P agrandisement. Historians; AJP Taylor, Pflanze, S. Lee.

Answer 36

favoring individual political and economic freedom, with limits on state power

Answer 37

favoring the maintenance of existing institutions and traditional values

Answer 38

-Prussia was made up of many nation-states each ruled by a prince, with different currencies which made it hard to trade; -tariffs (import export taxes) cause conflict -people identified themselves as from the various states, as opposed to being Prussian

Answer 39

1) aftermath of Napoleonic rule in German lands -> desire for unification 2) Congress of Vienna agreed 3) Zollverein - economic policy that got rid of tariffs between German states 4) Kaiser Wilhelm I - ruler of Prussia - made Otto van Bismarck the Chancellor, the highest official to the king - he played a large role in German unification

Answer 40

had dominated the German states -Prussia defeated Austria in war, then Prussia controlled 2/3 of Germany's population and territory and unified the area as the North German confederation 1867

Answer 41

-the concept of politics based on needs of the state, as opposed to based on religion or other considerations -power is more important than principle -motivated for unity in order to bring more power to the ruling dynasty, the Hohenzollerns -this is associated with Bismarck

Answer 42

1860's - 1890

Answer 43

1) built up the army and fought wars to build Prussian prestige 2) annexed northern German states through a war with Austria 3) dissolved the German confederation, and created a new confederation dominated by Prussia 4) starts and wins a war with France, which helps to unite Germany in a common cause

Answer 44

Iron Chancellor

Answer 45

King - Wilhelm 1

Answer 46

Bismarck; next most powerful beneath Kaiser

Answer 47

-this concept is from 1400's Machiavelli (Italian), describing a behavior in which a person is tricky, deceitful, unethical but skillful in order to help society -similar to Realpolitik and Bismarck's way of acting

Answer 48

Germany becomes an economic powerhouse -second only to Britain in shipping -large iron and coal deposits, which Britain did not have -strong work ethic and discipline -fast-growing population

Answer 49

1st Reich - Holy Roman Empire - from Middle ages to 1870's 2nd Reich - Wilhelm I - Kaiser - 1870's 3rd Reich - Nazis 1933

Answer 50

-railroads connecting German states -single currency

Answer 51

-steel -optics -weapons -chemicals

Answer 52

-keep France weak -strengthen ties with Austria and Russia -don't compete with British naval superiority, which would make them feel threatened

Answer 53

-he was Lutheran; distrusted Catholic church -sought to replace German loyalty to Catholic church with loyalty to the state: he had the state appoint priests, state oversees Catholic education, marriages must be civil ceremonies -backlash from Catholics forced Bismarck to back off

Answer 54

-an economic and political theory advocating public or common ownership and cooperative management of the means of production and the allocation of resources

Answer 55

-includes several different philosophies, from reformism to revolutionary socialism -some advocate complete nationalism of producing and exchanging things -some advocate state control of capital within the market economy -some advocate direct worker-ownership of the means of production -Marxists/ Leninists advocate a centrally planned economy run by the state, with complete state ownership

Answer 56

-he hated socialists -campaigned against it - shut down their newspapers, outlawed their groups, backlash against him for this -he then tries to win over the socialists, by providing people with health insurance, retirement benefits, and lots of social reforms, all to make workers happy with their state

Answer 57

1) believed in his divine right as king 2) asked Bismarck to resign 1890; didn't want to share power 3) made many more social programs, such as public education improvements, electrification, public transportation 4) made Germany even more militarized, which later made Germany/ Europe destabilized

Answer 58

1) Created a new German confederation with Prussia being most powerful. 2) Railroads connecting German states 3) Created a single currency in all the German states 4) Reduced power of Catholic church so people relied more on the state 5) War with France which united everyone

Answer 59

"Germany won unity by blood and iron"

Answer 60

To create a constitution that unified German states

Answer 61

Wilhelm IV did not want liberal reforms

Answer 62

-Austria -Italy -Russia

Answer 63

In a speech to the Prussian parliament, Bismarck argued that German unity would not be won by speeches and majority vote but by "blood and iron." When the liberal parliament would not approve funds to expand the military, he dismissed the assembly and collected the taxes anyway. He then built the Prussian army into a great war machine, one that could use force to unite Germany.

Answer 64

The struggle between the church and the empire; means "struggle for culture".

Answer 65

war fought between Prussia and Austria lasting seven weeks; Prussian victory dissolved the German Confederation and led to the exclusion of Austria from German affairs.