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A-Level History: Revolution and New Ideas > Unification of Germany > Flashcards

Unification of Germany Flashcards

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1
Q

Code Napoléon/Napoleonic Code

A

Unified common laws and justice system across Germanic states.

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2
Q

Confederation of the Rhine

A

1806-1813 Confederation of French ‘client’ Germanic states.

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3
Q

Wartburg and Hambach Festivals

A

1817 and 1832 - demonstrations of national prideand a common ideal.

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4
Q

European System

A

Quadruple Alliance of Russia, Austria, Prussia and United Kingdom - members responsible for the downfall of the First French Empire, organised by Metternich.

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5
Q

Metternich

A

Austrian Chancellor and Prince - ‘The Architect of Europe’.

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6
Q

Congress of Vienna

A

1815 - Aimed at settling issues arising from the French Revolutions, Napoleonic Wars and dissolving the Holy Roman Empire. Resulted in Austria asserting influence over Germanic states.

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7
Q

Holy Roman Empire

A

Loose conglomeration of Italian, Germanic and Western European states datig back to the 800s.

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8
Q

The Six Articles

A

1832 - Stipulated that federal law superceded individual states’ laws.

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9
Q

The Ten Articles

A

1832 - Forbade political meetings, appeals and festivals in order to ‘maintain peace’.

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10
Q

Congress of Troppau

A

1820 - Agreement between Russia, Prussia and Austria to supress revolution.

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11
Q

The German Confederation

A

1815 - Loose organisation of Germanic states allowing Metternich/Austria to manage easier.

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12
Q

The Zollverein

A

1818 - N. German economic alliance, a free economic trade area. 1830 - Hesse-Cassel joins, 1834 - Bavaria and Wuttemburg join. 1834 - Z consists of 18 states = 23 million people. Post 1850 Prussia = fastest industrialising state in Europe.

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13
Q

Prussian Aims for the Zollverein

A

Reduced tarriffs and custom duties will = increased trade then further industrialisation. Control over smaller German states. Exclusion/weakening of Austria. Political influence through economic prowess.

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14
Q

Austrian Reaction to Zollverein

A

Refused to join as agricultural economy = weak in comparison. Had a protectionist economic policies. 1848 - General Schwarzenberg tries to get Austria to join, Prussia rejects. 1853 and 1868 - Austria tries to hijack Zollverein = failed attempts.

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15
Q

Prussian Economic Growth

A

Krupp Steel = major Prussian industrial staple. Coal, iron and chemical production increased.Railroad improvements helped transport, and in turn, trade. 1865- German Princes (supported by Prussia) joined trade agreement with France (which was unconstitutional) and renew the Zollverein, instead of joining an agreement with Austria.

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16
Q

Causes of 1848 Revolutions

A

Liberal and Nationalistic ideas. Militias. Baden demanding a Bill of Rights. Socio-economic = unemployment, population growth, resulting in stretched resources. 1846 -1847 = harvest failures and food prices increasing. Class conciousness raised as Marxist ideology spreads across Europe.

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17
Q

Austria Weakening 1848

A

Revolutions in Vienna overthrow Metternich and new, more liberal Ministers are appointed by King Ferdinand I of Austria.

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18
Q

Frankfurt Parliament

A

1848 - ‘National’ Parliament created by revolutionaries. Elected representatives of each area. Becomes talking shop for German state (Gross or Kleindeutschland?) and new Constitution.

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19
Q

Berlin Revolution

A

March 1848 - King Frederick Wilhelm IV conceeds and gives a constitution because he is surrounded by revolutionaries and abondoned by his Generals due to miscommunication.

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20
Q

King Wilhelm IV’s ‘Support’ of the Revolution

A

Writes ‘To my dear Berliners’ proposing himself as the new King of Germany. Rides through Berlin wearing a Tricolour flag on his arm. States: “I want liberty; I will have unity in Germany.” Refuses to “pick up a crown from the gutter” when offered King of Germany form Frankfurt Parliament.

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21
Q

U-Turn of Wilhelm IV’s Support of the Revolution

A

Having sated the revolutionaries and safely in Potsdam with his Generals he begins organising to repress the revolution.

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22
Q

Schleswig-Holstein Incident #1

A

1848 - Frankfurt Parliament declares wa on Denmark as part of Nationalist Agenda (Germans live in S. Holstein). August 1848 - FWIV has regained control and betrays Germans by signing armistice with Danes.

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23
Q

The Prussian Constitution #1

A

November/December 1848 -FWIV proclaims Constitution (mix of liberalism and absolutism);Freedom of justice, religion, assembly. Emergency clause gave all power to King.

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24
Q

Erfurt Union Plan

A

1849 - General Radowitz + King Wilhelm IV plan to create a Union of N. German states under Prussian protection and Presidency. Appealed to FWIV because the concept of ‘Germany’ could be created under Prussian ways. Key factor = Austria should be excluded. Austrian led German Confederation = rival.

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25
Q

Capitulation of Olmutz

A

11 states (incl. bigger ones like Hanover) refuse to come to Erfurt Union meeting because of fear of Prussian hegemony. At Olmutz meeting FWIV agrees to abandon plan in favour of revised German Confederation under Austrian Presidency.

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26
Q

Crimean War

A

1854-1856 - Prussian neutrality. Austrian neutrality broke Holy Alliance with Russia.

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27
Q

Austro-Franco War

A

1859 - A defeated by F and Piedmontese forces, destroyed prestige and military power. Prussian mobilisation to help A too slow. Mobilised quicker in the S. German states to protect Rhine frontier from F expansionism.

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28
Q

Prussian Reforms: Army

A

1857 - von Moltke = Chief of Staff for Prussian Army, catalyst for reforms. 1862 - proposed reforms make army = to A’s army; 63,000 men called up each year for period of 7 years, by 1866=370,000 men. Made everyone modernise their tactics to fit new technology. Re-vamped Clausewitz Officer Academy.

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29
Q

Prussian Reforms: Army Technology

A

Prussian army = most technically advanced in Europe. Railways built with swift troop/arms deployment in mind. Dreyse Needle Gun = 5x faster than old muzzle loaded guns.Krupp breech-loaded artillery = highly efficient. Prussian training at ‘School of Gunnery’.

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30
Q

Prussian Reforms: Economy

A

Heavy industry developed. Iron/Coal industry grows 1837 onwards because of steam engines and deep shaft mines. State aided private business in heavy industry. 1851 and 1860 - Mining laws = halves taxes and frees owners from state supervision. 1864 steel production = 7x more than in 1848. 1860, 55% of railways controlled by Prussia.

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31
Q

The Constitutional Crisis: Politics

A

1860 - Conservative Wilhelm I succeeds FWIV (already 63 y/o). Prussia becomes more anti-Austria, Russia, military at this time. These ideals developed into the Progress Party .During Landtag (Parliamentary) elections PP = Feb 1862, 83 seats. May 1862, 136 seats (only 11 Conservatives) after WI disolved Parliament.

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32
Q

The Constitutional Crisis: Politics

A

1860 - Conservative Wilhelm I succeeds FWIV (already 63 y/o). Prussia becomes more anti-Austria, Russia, military at this time. These ideals developed into the Progress Party .During Landtag (Parliamentary) elections PP = Feb 1862, 83 seats. May 1862, 136 seats (only 11 Conservatives) after WI disolved Parliament.

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33
Q

The Constitutional Crisis: Army

A

von Roon wanted 53 new regiments anda a reduction in the Landwehr militias.WI wants this too but needs Landtag’s approval (unlikely) so he dissolves it and it backfires (increased liberal opposition).

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34
Q

The Constitutional Crisis: Bismarck

A

September 1862 - After considering abdication, WI appoints Bismarck as Chancellor (previously Ambassador to Paris). Attempts to comprimise with Landtag fail, September 30th 1862 - Blood and Iron Speech. Through tax increases illegally finances national budget by side-stepping Landtag. Gap Theory (Proposed by B) idn’t take into account King-Landtag disagreements.

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35
Q

Schleswig-Holstein Incident #2

A

1863 - King Frederick VII of S-H dies, successor = Christian IX, brings S-H closer to Denmark, starts panic within native German community. B pretends to support member of Habsburgs Prince Augustenburg for the throne during the war. 1864 - A and Prussia beat S-H easily.

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36
Q

Treaty of Vienna

A

October 1864 - A try but A on throne but B stops them saying P should get S-H because of proximity, no resolution.

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37
Q

Treaty of Gastein

A

August 1865 - B organises so that H goes with A and S with P. H is closer to P.

38
Q

Biarritz

A

October 1865 - Napoleon III and B meet at Biarritz. Secret neutrality agreement in case of A-P War resulting from S-H arrangement. NIII agrees because he thinks A and P will decimate each other.

39
Q

Italian Alliance

A

December 1865 - Secret alliance with P and Italy. Italy gets Venetia if they fight A with P and win within 3 months of signing agreement.

40
Q

The Austro-Prussian War: Beginning

A

B states P has rights to H. Austria mobilises (B uses as justification for invasion of H). War = A+German Confederation vs. P, P mobilises to A’s border in 5 days compared to A’s 45 days, thanks to railways.

41
Q

The Austro-Prussian War: Battle of Sadowa

A

July 1866 - 20,000 deaths:9000 deaths P wins.

42
Q

Arimistice at Nikolsburg

A

August 1866 - B stops WI invading Austria, politica prowess shown as did not want French to intercede.

43
Q

Treaty of Prague

A

July 1866 - P annexes S-H, Hesse-Cassel, Hanover, Frankfurt and Nassau. All other N. German states join in N. German Confederation.

44
Q

Creation of Austro-Hungarian Empire

A

1867 - Product of the Treaty of Prague.

45
Q

Defensive Treaty with S. German States

A

1866 - Secret treaty with Catholic Bavaria, Wuttemberg, Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt.

46
Q

Early N. German Confederation

A

King of Hanover deposed, B takes his money and makes ‘Reptile Fund’ (a slash fund). ‘Universal manhood sufferage’, still extremely limited though. Prussia = head of Kleindeutschland for first time.

47
Q

The Prussian Constitution #2

A

B wrote N. German Confederation’s Constitution, becomes basis of 1871 German Constitution.

48
Q

Zollparlament

A

1867 - Re-worked Zollverein syste for N. German Confederation. Encorporates S. German states (so economically unified).

49
Q

Act of Indemnity

A

1867 - B admits to Landtag that his money-related actions = illegal and asks for pardon. Due to his successes in ‘66 they say sure.

50
Q

Results of A-P War

A

NIII very unhappy as he expected A and P to decimate each other rather than for P to grow greatly in power. Now has influence over 2/3 of Germany with complete economic influence.

51
Q

The Luxemburg Crisis

A

1867 - NIII wants Luxemburg as compensation for the War A-P War. B doesn’t want to piss off Liberals so says no. Eventually they both agree L can be an independent nation. S German states become closer with P as they are scared of French expansionism now.

52
Q

Hohenzollern Candidature

A

1870 - Post-revoltution Spanish throne is opened up, Prince Leopold (Hohenzollern = German family). WI = relation so would be beneficial for P. B convinces WI to support L as it will upset F. Count Benedetti (F Ambassador to Berlin) goes to Em where WI is andconvinces him to retract support as it will cause conflict.

53
Q

Ems Telegram

A

NIII orders Benedetti to officially renunciate L’s claim. WI refuses politely. Aids send discussion between WI and Benedetti to B with permission to dispense to press. B edits telegram to sound insulting towards WI (makes F agressor). Published in F and Germany.

54
Q

Franco-Prussian War

A

1871 - NIII declares War (result of Ems Telegram). F = agressor thus S. German states help because of secret treaty. BAttles of Metz and Sedan decisive G wins. Military unity throughout G. NIII captured and government falls apart.

55
Q

Creation of Germany!

A

Ceremony in the Palace of Versaille’s ‘Hall of Mirrors’. WI made German Kaiser. S German states join officially, completing Kleindeutschland.

56
Q

Bismarck was an Intentionalist

A

1864 S-H, manipulated for benefit of P but wanted P-central unified G. N G Confederation = step towards unity, whole unity too fast for R and F if in ‘66 and ‘67. Secret S G Military alliance = partial unity. P Constitution forms basis of G Constitution. Ems Telegram, B knew would begin war with F and Start secret treaty.

57
Q

Bismarck was an Opportunist

A

B always loyal to P and WI. All actions could be to benefit P. G Nationalism just excuse for war t gain teritory for P. Post 1848 B was reactionary and anti-liberal, but can use liberals when useful. Isn’t concerned about ideological unification of G.

58
Q

Historiography: Traditionalists

A

B planned everything; evidence of this in B’s memoirs, but very unreliable. Historians; Schulze, Carr, Marcks, G. Robertson.

59
Q

Historiography: Revisionists

A

B = skilled diplomat and leader, but was moving with ‘the tide’ rather than planning. Concerned with P agrandisement. Historians; AJP Taylor, Pflanze, S. Lee.

60
Q

liberal

A

favoring individual political and economic freedom, with limits on state power

61
Q

conservative

A

favoring the maintenance of existing institutions and traditional values

62
Q

Describe Germany pre-unification

A

-Prussia was made up of many nation-states each ruled by a prince, with different currencies which made it hard to trade;
-tariffs (import export taxes) cause conflict
-people identified themselves as from the various states, as opposed to being Prussian

63
Q

What factors led to German unification?

A

1) aftermath of Napoleonic rule in German lands -> desire for unification
2) Congress of Vienna agreed
3) Zollverein - economic policy that got rid of tariffs between German states
4) Kaiser Wilhelm I - ruler of Prussia - made Otto van Bismarck the Chancellor, the highest official to the king - he played a large role in German unification

64
Q

Austrian empire

A

had dominated the German states
-Prussia defeated Austria in war, then Prussia controlled 2/3 of Germany’s population and territory and unified the area as the North German confederation 1867

65
Q

Realpolitik

A

-the concept of politics based on needs of the state, as opposed to based on religion or other considerations
-power is more important than principle
-motivated for unity in order to bring more power to the ruling dynasty, the Hohenzollerns
-this is associated with Bismarck

66
Q

Bismarck - when was he in power?

A

1860’s - 1890

67
Q

Bismarck - military - 4 things that united the German states

A

1) built up the army and fought wars to build Prussian prestige
2) annexed northern German states through a war with Austria
3) dissolved the German confederation, and created a new confederation dominated by Prussia
4) starts and wins a war with France, which helps to unite Germany in a common cause

68
Q

Bismarck - nickname

A

Iron Chancellor

69
Q

Kaiser

A

King - Wilhelm 1

70
Q

Chancellor

A

Bismarck; next most powerful beneath Kaiser

71
Q

Machiavellian

A

-this concept is from 1400’s Machiavelli (Italian), describing a behavior in which a person is tricky, deceitful, unethical but skillful in order to help society
-similar to Realpolitik and Bismarck’s way of acting

72
Q

Bismarck - economy

A

Germany becomes an economic powerhouse
-second only to Britain in shipping
-large iron and coal deposits, which Britain did not have
-strong work ethic and discipline
-fast-growing population

73
Q

Three governments in land that is now Germany

A

1st Reich - Holy Roman Empire - from Middle ages to 1870’s
2nd Reich - Wilhelm I - Kaiser - 1870’s
3rd Reich - Nazis 1933

74
Q

Name two things that were done to unite Germany through economic interests

A

-railroads connecting German states
-single currency

75
Q

Name four things contributing to industrial growth in Germany

A

-steel
-optics
-weapons
-chemicals

76
Q

Bismarck - foreign policy

A

-keep France weak
-strengthen ties with Austria and Russia
-don’t compete with British naval superiority, which would make them feel threatened

77
Q

Bismarck - religion

A

-he was Lutheran; distrusted Catholic church
-sought to replace German loyalty to Catholic church with loyalty to the state: he had the state appoint priests, state oversees Catholic education, marriages must be civil ceremonies
-backlash from Catholics forced Bismarck to back off

78
Q

Socialism

A

-an economic and political theory advocating public or common ownership and cooperative management of the means of production and the allocation of resources

79
Q

Socialism as a political movement

A

-includes several different philosophies, from reformism to revolutionary socialism
-some advocate complete nationalism of producing and exchanging things
-some advocate state control of capital within the market economy
-some advocate direct worker-ownership of the means of production
-Marxists/ Leninists advocate a centrally planned economy run by the state, with complete state ownership

80
Q

Bismarck - Socialism

A

-he hated socialists
-campaigned against it - shut down their newspapers, outlawed their groups, backlash against him for this
-he then tries to win over the socialists, by providing people with health insurance, retirement benefits, and lots of social reforms, all to make workers happy with their state

81
Q

Kaiser Wilhelm II

A

1) believed in his divine right as king
2) asked Bismarck to resign 1890; didn’t want to share power
3) made many more social programs, such as public education improvements, electrification, public transportation
4) made Germany even more militarized, which later made Germany/ Europe destabilized

82
Q

List the things that Bismarck did to make Germany united (5).

A

1) Created a new German confederation with Prussia being most powerful.
2) Railroads connecting German states
3) Created a single currency in all the German states
4) Reduced power of Catholic church so people relied more on the state
5) War with France which united everyone

83
Q

Bismark Quote

A

“Germany won unity by blood and iron”

84
Q

Why was the Frankfurt Assembly called?

A

To create a constitution that unified German states

85
Q

Why did the Frankfurt Assembly fail?

A

Wilhelm IV did not want liberal reforms

86
Q

When was unification achieved?

A

1870

87
Q

Who Bismark/Germany chose to align with after unification

A

-Austria
-Italy
-Russia

88
Q

“blood and iron”

A

In a speech to the Prussian parliament, Bismarck argued that German unity would not be won by speeches and majority vote but by “blood and iron.” When the liberal parliament would not approve funds to expand the military, he dismissed the assembly and collected the taxes anyway. He then built the Prussian army into a great war machine, one that could use force to unite Germany.

89
Q

Kulturkampf

A

The struggle between the church and the empire; means “struggle for culture”.

90
Q

Austro-Prussian War a.k.a. Seven Weeks’ War-

A

war fought between Prussia and Austria lasting seven weeks; Prussian victory dissolved the German Confederation and led to the exclusion of Austria from German affairs.

A-Level History: Revolution and New Ideas (5 decks)

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