France Flashcards
1
Q
What happened in france at the beggining of 1848
A
- Revolution in France
- End of the July Monarchy
2
Q
Who is declared the head of the Provisional government of the 2nd Republic?
A
- 1848 Lamartine declares himself head of the provisional government
3
Q
What and when was the election for president after the revolution?
A
- April 1848
- President voted by Universal male sufferage
4
Q
What was the nature of the first consituant assembly
A
- 1848 first assembly was conservative in nature
5
Q
What were the outcomes of the First Presidental election
A
- December 1848
- Napolean III wins 75% of the vote
6
Q
When was the Circulation of the Extincion de Pauperism first published and what was it
A
- 1848
- Part of Napolean III’s election campain to end poverty.
7
Q
How did Napolean establish early support form the Catholic Church
A
- 1849
- Went to war against Mazzini’s Roman Republic, restoring the papacy to control of rome and the Papal States.
8
Q
How did he add to the early support from the Cartholic Church
A
- 1850
- Falloux law, Catholic church gained significant power over education
9
Q
How did Napolean III consolidate power?
A
- 2nd December 1851
- Coup d’etat after the legislative assembly refused to change the consitution to let him run for a second term.
10
Q
How did Napoleon legitimise his new powers?
A
- Plebicite of 20/21 December 1851
- Napoleons stayed in power, could rewrite the consitution
11
Q
How did Napoleon legitimise the re-establishment of the Second Empire?
A
- Plebicite of Nov 1852
- 92% in support
- 82% Turnout
12
Q
What was the nature of Napoleans early rule?
A
- 1850’s
- Authoritarian in Nature
- “A Dictatorship of universal sufferage”
13
Q
What was the nature of the new consitiution
A
- 1852
- Napoleon III emperor for life
- Weak Parliament
14
Q
What were the figures of the surpression after Napoleon gained power?
A
- 1852
- 26,000 were arrested after the coup
- 10,000 later aquitted or put under survailence
15
Q
How many people were exiled to Algeria after Napoleons rise to power?
A
- 9000
- Most allowed to return by 1856
16
Q
What was the nature of the censorship in Napoleons authoritian rule?
A
- 1852
- Laws introduced that gave editors two changes before newspapers were liable to suspension
17
Q
How did Napoleon III supress political opposition in the Authoritarian era?
A
- Poltical club surpressed
- National guard disbanded except for in Paris
18
Q
How did Napoleon III promote loyalty in the Authoritarian Era?
A
- Promoted loyalty
- Doubled the salary of prefects
- Enabled local government patronage
- Supported Catholic church
- Increased officer pay
19
Q
When was the Authoritarian Era over?
A
- 1860’s
- Emergence of a new Liberal Era
20
Q
What were the first liberal government reforms?
A
- 1861
- Corps legislatif was given rights to debate government legistaltive proposals
- Corps legislatif could suggest ammendments to the budget
21
Q
What were the early press reforms in the Liberal Era?
A
- 1861
- Newspapers could report on Parliamentary debates
22
Q
When were both houses given the abiltity to question minister of their policies?
A
- 1867
23
Q
When were all the restrictions on newspapers ended?
A
- 1868
24
Q
When were public meetings first permitted?
A
- 1868
25
When was the senate given a suspensive veto?
- **1870**
26
When was the corps legistlatif given the power to introduce it's own laws?
- **1870**
27
When were ministers finally anwserable to parliament?
- **1870**
- As a result they could only operate with majority support in both houses
28
When was an opposition appointed as PM
- **1870**
- Ollivier, a declared republiclican
29
When were the reforms of 1870 legitimsed?
- **1870**
- Overwhelmingly approved by a pleblicite
30
When and what was the large package of Financial consessions to the leglistative assembly?
- **1860**
- Large Package of Finacial concessions
- Emperor renounced the ability to borrow money from elsewhere when the body was in recess
- The budget would be voted on in ssections, allowing ability to append unpopular sections
- Parliamentary debates able to be recorded by Journalists
31
When was the general amnesty to political prisoners
- **1859**
32
When did Napoleon III subsidise a workers visit to the international expedition in London?
- **1862**
- very liberal, would be viewed as a massive risk just a few years earlier
33
When were peaceful strikes legalised?
- **1864**
34
When was equality between worker and employer established in law?
- **1860's**
35
When were trade unions legalised?
- **1868**
36
When were proposals to abolish the liveret in parliament?
- **1870**
- However failed to pass prior to outbreak of war
37
How many communites without a school in 1867?
- **312** in **1867**
- Compared to **2700** in **1850**
38
When did Rouland become minsiter of Education?
**1856**
39
When does Duroy become minsiter of Education?
**1863**
40
Who were the two minsiter of Education?
- Rouland **1856-1863**
- Duroy **1863 --> 1869**
41
How many children were in school in 1866?
- **1866** - 70% of Children between 5 and 14
- Compared to 50% in **1851**
42
What was the illeratcy rate in 1881 compaed to 1851?
- **1881** - 15% were illiterate
- **1859** - 31% were illterate
43
What did Dumoy do for womens education?
- Dumoy created schools for girls in every commune
- Women were addmitted to medical school
- Women were addmitted to the Sorbonne
- **1863** --> **1869**
44
When was the "third party" founded?
- **1863**
45
When was army reform passed
- **1868**
- However passed in a much reduced capacity, republicans, peasants and bourgoise opposed due to increased conscription
46
Who was minister for war in 1867
- Marshall Niel was appointed minister for war
- Advocate for army reform
47
How was Napoleon III in the late 1860's
- Post 1865 Napoleon was very ill and in severe pain
48
What was the economy like during the 1850's
- There was an economic boom, however most workers still employed in small workshops.
- By the end of the decade unempolyment began to rise.
49
What was the economy like in the 1860's
- Unemployment began to rise
- Discontent increased
50
When was Credit Foncier and what was it founded to do?
- **1852**
- Credit Foncier was set up to provide Farm Morgades
51
When was Credit Mobilier and what was it founded to do?
- **1852**
- Was founded as a savings/investment bank
52
What happended to Credit Mobilier a couple of years after its inception?
- **1856** Credit Mobilier ran into difficulties
53
What happened to Credit Mobilier in 1871
- **1871** after over a decade of struggle Credit Mobiler closed
54
When was the free trade agreement signed
- **1860**
- **Cobden - Chevalier** agreement with Britain and similar pacts with Belgium and Zollverien created a free trade area, significantly reducing the high tarrifs. Many could not compete with the inductrialsed economies
55
How much was invested in the french railway system by 1870
- By 1870, **634 million** francs had been invested in the french railway network
56
How much railway was there in 1871. What effect did this have?
- By **1871** there were **18,000km** of railway track.
- 10x increase from **1848**
- Boosted Iron, steel and coal industries
57
How many km of telegraph lines were there on 1871
- **70,000km** of telegraph lines in **1871**
- Compared to **2,000** in **1848**
58
How many miners were employed in 1870?
- **82,700** in **1870**
- Compared to **34,800** in **1848**
59
When was the major roadbuilding initive?
- **1852 --> 1870**
60
When was Haussman appointed prefect of Paris?
- Haussman appointed prefect of Paris **1853**
61
List the pros and cons of the Transformation of Paris
.+ Removed old narrow streets
.- Many thousands displaced from the centre of Paris*
.+ 136km of New streets
.- Slums behind the facade
.+ 400% increase in clean water
.+ New system of sewers
.- Only catered for rainwater
.+ Public Parks
.+ Opera House
.+ New railway stations
.+ 20% of workers in Paris working on the improvements
62
What percentage of the French population worked in agriculture in 1866?
- In **1866**, **51%** of the population worked in agriculture
63
How much more land was cultivated in 1862 compared to 1840?
- **33%** more land was cultivated in **1862** than in **1840**
64
What % of Parisians couldnt afford a home in 1867?
- In **1867** **70%** of Parisians couldn't afford a home. Same as **1847**, rebuilding did nothing to alliviate poverty
- Rebuilding of Paris just moved slums outward
65
What happended to the number of imported cotton bales in **1862**
- Only **31,000** bales of cotton imported in **1862**
- Compared to **365,000** in **1860**
- Due to American civil war
- Heavily impacted cotton and fabric industry
66
What years was the harvest poor, how did this impact living conditions?
- **1853, 1855, 1861, 1867**
- Bad harvest heavily impacted living conditions
67
How did the food intake for the average person change between 1865 and 1874
- Upto 100% increase in consumption of certain foodstuffs such as Fruit+Veg and Potatos at the end of the reign
68
What was the state of french foriegn policy in 1870
- In **1870** France had no allies
69
What was Napoleons aims for foreign policy
- Wanted to revise the treaty of Vienna
- He supported Nationalism in Italy and Poland to undermine the great powers
70
What was Russias role in the holy land in 1852?
- Russia was the offical protector of christians in Holy Lands within the Ottoman empire
- France wanted to Usurp the position and break the quadruple alliance
71
Where was the Crimean peace conference, what did this suggest?
- Crimean Peace conference in Paris
- Recognition of France as a restored great power
72
When was the plombiers agreement?
**1858**
73
When was the Second war of Italian Independance?
- **1859**
- Napoleon withdrew from Lombardy, he would still get Nice and Savoy but didnt want to risk Prussian intervention
74
When was Villafranca?
- **1859**
- Peace between France and Austria
75
When was Villafranca?
- **1859**
- Peace between France and Austria
76
Why could french intervention in Italy be considered a failure?
- Weakened Austria allowed for a German superstate to develop on the French border
- Blocked french influence in the region
- Poor Franco-Italian relations due to French protection of Papal states
77
When does planning for the suez canal begin?
**1854**
78
When does the Suez canal open?
- **1869**
- Opposed by Britian and Ottomans
79
What was the state of Algieria in 1857?
- **1857**
- French control expanded as far south as the sahara
80
Why did Napoleons idea of Humane government fail?
- **1867**
- Failed due to:
- Locust plague (1866)
- Drought (1867)
- As well as developments in Europe
81
Who was appointed governer of Senegal?
- **1854**
- General Faidherbe, proved good
- Leading to the **1857** construction of the port of Dakar
82
When was French intervention in indo-china
- **1857-1860**
-
83
What was the result of French Intervention?
- **1860** treaty of Saigon
- French gained 3 provences and free practice of religion
84
Describe Frech influence in Asia
- France developed a sphere of Influence in southern china based around a naval base at Kuangchow bay
85
When was the first development in the Mexico situation
- **July 1861**
- President Juarez suspended intrest payements to Britian, France and Spain
86
What did France do in Mexico
- Placed the Austrain Archduke Maximillian on the throne
- Fought a guerilla war
- Left to avoid US intervention
87
When did France pull out of Mexico
- **1866**
88
What was Napoleons blunder regarding Poland?
- **1862**
- Napoloen III supports Polish Nationalists in Russia, bluffs about sending an army in. Relationship with Russia ends
- Significant blunder
89
What did Bismark do between 1864 and 1871
- Bismark consistantly outwitted an ailed Napoloen III
90
What did Napoleon do in regard to Holsiten?
- **1864**
- Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark
- Napoloen III sided with the Danes
- Made threats but did nothing
91
When and what was Biarritz
- **1865**
- meeting between Napoleon III and Bismark.
- Bismark hinted that Frane neutrality in Prussian - Austrian war would be compenstated with unspecified territorial compensation
92
What was the outcome of the Austro-Prussian war?
- **1866**
- Led to a swift Prussian victory
- Napoleon III taken aback by the speed and deciciveness of victory
93
What did Napoleon III demand in exchange for neutrality?
- **1866**
- Demanded Luxemburg in compensation for Neutrality
94
When was the treaty of London and what did it say?
- **1867**
- France was obligated to withdraw its demand for Luxemburg
95
What did France fail to do in 1867 in regards to foreign policy?
- France failed to secure Austria and Italy as allies
96
What happened in 1868
- **1868**
- Spanish throne becomes vacant
97
Describe the lead up to war in 1870?
- **1870**
- Bismark proposed that a relative of the Prussian King, Leopold of Hollenzollen to accept the crown
- Faced with French outrage Wilhelm turned down the offer on Leopolds behalf
- Public Pressure forced the French ambassador to request he renouce any claim for all time
- Wilhelm polietly refused
- Wilhem sends a telegram to inform Bismark of development
- Bismark edits and publishes the Ems telegram to imply France had beed insulted.
- France declares war **19th July 1870**
98
When does France declare war on Prussia
- **19th July 1870**
99
What effect did the French press have
- The french press leaked the loacation of the french army. Germans knew exactly where to find them
100
What was the outcome of the Battle of Sedan
- **1870**
- While the french had the better rifle, they were outnumbered **450,000** to **275,000**
- The generals were inexperinced
- Napoleon was defeated and captured at Sedan
