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A-Level History: Revolution and New Ideas > France > Flashcards

France Flashcards

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1
Q

What happened in france at the beggining of 1848

A
  • Revolution in France
  • End of the July Monarchy
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2
Q

Who is declared the head of the Provisional government of the 2nd Republic?

A
  • 1848 Lamartine declares himself head of the provisional government
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3
Q

What and when was the election for president after the revolution?

A
  • April 1848
  • President voted by Universal male sufferage
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4
Q

What was the nature of the first consituant assembly

A
  • 1848 first assembly was conservative in nature
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5
Q

What were the outcomes of the First Presidental election

A
  • December 1848
  • Napolean III wins 75% of the vote
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6
Q

When was the Circulation of the Extincion de Pauperism first published and what was it

A
  • 1848
  • Part of Napolean III’s election campain to end poverty.
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7
Q

How did Napolean establish early support form the Catholic Church

A
  • 1849
  • Went to war against Mazzini’s Roman Republic, restoring the papacy to control of rome and the Papal States.
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8
Q

How did he add to the early support from the Cartholic Church

A
  • 1850
  • Falloux law, Catholic church gained significant power over education
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9
Q

How did Napolean III consolidate power?

A
  • 2nd December 1851
  • Coup d’etat after the legislative assembly refused to change the consitution to let him run for a second term.
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10
Q

How did Napoleon legitimise his new powers?

A
  • Plebicite of 20/21 December 1851
  • Napoleons stayed in power, could rewrite the consitution
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11
Q

How did Napoleon legitimise the re-establishment of the Second Empire?

A
  • Plebicite of Nov 1852
  • 92% in support
  • 82% Turnout
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12
Q

What was the nature of Napoleans early rule?

A
  • 1850’s
  • Authoritarian in Nature
  • “A Dictatorship of universal sufferage”
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13
Q

What was the nature of the new consitiution

A
  • 1852
  • Napoleon III emperor for life
  • Weak Parliament
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14
Q

What were the figures of the surpression after Napoleon gained power?

A
  • 1852
  • 26,000 were arrested after the coup
  • 10,000 later aquitted or put under survailence
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15
Q

How many people were exiled to Algeria after Napoleons rise to power?

A
  • 9000
  • Most allowed to return by 1856
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16
Q

What was the nature of the censorship in Napoleons authoritian rule?

A
  • 1852
  • Laws introduced that gave editors two changes before newspapers were liable to suspension
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17
Q

How did Napoleon III supress political opposition in the Authoritarian era?

A
  • Poltical club surpressed
  • National guard disbanded except for in Paris
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18
Q

How did Napoleon III promote loyalty in the Authoritarian Era?

A
  • Promoted loyalty
  • Doubled the salary of prefects
  • Enabled local government patronage
  • Supported Catholic church
  • Increased officer pay
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19
Q

When was the Authoritarian Era over?

A
  • 1860’s
  • Emergence of a new Liberal Era
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20
Q

What were the first liberal government reforms?

A
  • 1861
  • Corps legislatif was given rights to debate government legistaltive proposals
  • Corps legislatif could suggest ammendments to the budget
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21
Q

What were the early press reforms in the Liberal Era?

A
  • 1861
  • Newspapers could report on Parliamentary debates
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22
Q

When were both houses given the abiltity to question minister of their policies?

A
  • 1867
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23
Q

When were all the restrictions on newspapers ended?

A
  • 1868
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24
Q

When were public meetings first permitted?

A
  • 1868
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25
Q

When was the senate given a suspensive veto?

A
  • 1870
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26
Q

When was the corps legistlatif given the power to introduce it’s own laws?

A
  • 1870
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27
Q

When were ministers finally anwserable to parliament?

A
  • 1870
  • As a result they could only operate with majority support in both houses
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28
Q

When was an opposition appointed as PM

A
  • 1870
  • Ollivier, a declared republiclican
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29
Q

When were the reforms of 1870 legitimsed?

A
  • 1870
  • Overwhelmingly approved by a pleblicite
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30
Q

When and what was the large package of Financial consessions to the leglistative assembly?

A
  • 1860
  • Large Package of Finacial concessions
  • Emperor renounced the ability to borrow money from elsewhere when the body was in recess
  • The budget would be voted on in ssections, allowing ability to append unpopular sections
  • Parliamentary debates able to be recorded by Journalists
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31
Q

When was the general amnesty to political prisoners

A
  • 1859
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32
Q

When did Napoleon III subsidise a workers visit to the international expedition in London?

A
  • 1862
  • very liberal, would be viewed as a massive risk just a few years earlier
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33
Q

When were peaceful strikes legalised?

A
  • 1864
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34
Q

When was equality between worker and employer established in law?

A
  • 1860’s
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35
Q

When were trade unions legalised?

A
  • 1868
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36
Q

When were proposals to abolish the liveret in parliament?

A
  • 1870
  • However failed to pass prior to outbreak of war
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37
Q

How many communites without a school in 1867?

A
  • 312 in 1867
  • Compared to 2700 in 1850
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38
Q

When did Rouland become minsiter of Education?

A

1856

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39
Q

When does Duroy become minsiter of Education?

A

1863

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40
Q

Who were the two minsiter of Education?

A
  • Rouland 1856-1863
  • Duroy 1863 –> 1869
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41
Q

How many children were in school in 1866?

A
  • 1866 - 70% of Children between 5 and 14
  • Compared to 50% in 1851
42
Q

What was the illeratcy rate in 1881 compaed to 1851?

A
  • 1881 - 15% were illiterate
  • 1859 - 31% were illterate
43
Q

What did Dumoy do for womens education?

A
  • Dumoy created schools for girls in every commune
  • Women were addmitted to medical school
  • Women were addmitted to the Sorbonne
  • 1863 –> 1869
44
Q

When was the “third party” founded?

A
  • 1863
45
Q

When was army reform passed

A
  • 1868
  • However passed in a much reduced capacity, republicans, peasants and bourgoise opposed due to increased conscription
46
Q

Who was minister for war in 1867

A
  • Marshall Niel was appointed minister for war
  • Advocate for army reform
47
Q

How was Napoleon III in the late 1860’s

A
  • Post 1865 Napoleon was very ill and in severe pain
48
Q

What was the economy like during the 1850’s

A
  • There was an economic boom, however most workers still employed in small workshops.
  • By the end of the decade unempolyment began to rise.
49
Q

What was the economy like in the 1860’s

A
  • Unemployment began to rise
  • Discontent increased
50
Q

When was Credit Foncier and what was it founded to do?

A
  • 1852
  • Credit Foncier was set up to provide Farm Morgades
51
Q

When was Credit Mobilier and what was it founded to do?

A
  • 1852
  • Was founded as a savings/investment bank
52
Q

What happended to Credit Mobilier a couple of years after its inception?

A
  • 1856 Credit Mobilier ran into difficulties
53
Q

What happened to Credit Mobilier in 1871

A
  • 1871 after over a decade of struggle Credit Mobiler closed
54
Q

When was the free trade agreement signed

A
  • 1860
  • Cobden - Chevalier agreement with Britain and similar pacts with Belgium and Zollverien created a free trade area, significantly reducing the high tarrifs. Many could not compete with the inductrialsed economies
55
Q

How much was invested in the french railway system by 1870

A
  • By 1870, 634 million francs had been invested in the french railway network
56
Q

How much railway was there in 1871. What effect did this have?

A
  • By 1871 there were 18,000km of railway track.
  • 10x increase from 1848
  • Boosted Iron, steel and coal industries
57
Q

How many km of telegraph lines were there on 1871

A
  • 70,000km of telegraph lines in 1871
  • Compared to 2,000 in 1848
58
Q

How many miners were employed in 1870?

A
  • 82,700 in 1870
  • Compared to 34,800 in 1848
59
Q

When was the major roadbuilding initive?

A
  • 1852 –> 1870
60
Q

When was Haussman appointed prefect of Paris?

A
  • Haussman appointed prefect of Paris 1853
61
Q

List the pros and cons of the Transformation of Paris

A

.+ Removed old narrow streets
.- Many thousands displaced from the centre of Paris*

.+ 136km of New streets
.- Slums behind the facade

.+ 400% increase in clean water

.+ New system of sewers
.- Only catered for rainwater

.+ Public Parks

.+ Opera House

.+ New railway stations

.+ 20% of workers in Paris working on the improvements

62
Q

What percentage of the French population worked in agriculture in 1866?

A
  • In 1866, 51% of the population worked in agriculture
63
Q

How much more land was cultivated in 1862 compared to 1840?

A
  • 33% more land was cultivated in 1862 than in 1840
64
Q

What % of Parisians couldnt afford a home in 1867?

A
  • In 1867 70% of Parisians couldn’t afford a home. Same as 1847, rebuilding did nothing to alliviate poverty
  • Rebuilding of Paris just moved slums outward
65
Q

What happended to the number of imported cotton bales in 1862

A
  • Only 31,000 bales of cotton imported in 1862
  • Compared to 365,000 in 1860
  • Due to American civil war
  • Heavily impacted cotton and fabric industry
66
Q

What years was the harvest poor, how did this impact living conditions?

A
  • 1853, 1855, 1861, 1867
  • Bad harvest heavily impacted living conditions
67
Q

How did the food intake for the average person change between 1865 and 1874

A
  • Upto 100% increase in consumption of certain foodstuffs such as Fruit+Veg and Potatos at the end of the reign
68
Q

What was the state of french foriegn policy in 1870

A
  • In 1870 France had no allies
69
Q

What was Napoleons aims for foreign policy

A
  • Wanted to revise the treaty of Vienna
  • He supported Nationalism in Italy and Poland to undermine the great powers
70
Q

What was Russias role in the holy land in 1852?

A
  • Russia was the offical protector of christians in Holy Lands within the Ottoman empire
  • France wanted to Usurp the position and break the quadruple alliance
71
Q

Where was the Crimean peace conference, what did this suggest?

A
  • Crimean Peace conference in Paris
  • Recognition of France as a restored great power
72
Q

When was the plombiers agreement?

A

1858

73
Q

When was the Second war of Italian Independance?

A
  • 1859
  • Napoleon withdrew from Lombardy, he would still get Nice and Savoy but didnt want to risk Prussian intervention
74
Q

When was Villafranca?

A
  • 1859
  • Peace between France and Austria
75
Q

When was Villafranca?

A
  • 1859
  • Peace between France and Austria
76
Q

Why could french intervention in Italy be considered a failure?

A
  • Weakened Austria allowed for a German superstate to develop on the French border
  • Blocked french influence in the region
  • Poor Franco-Italian relations due to French protection of Papal states
77
Q

When does planning for the suez canal begin?

A

1854

78
Q

When does the Suez canal open?

A
  • 1869
  • Opposed by Britian and Ottomans
79
Q

What was the state of Algieria in 1857?

A
  • 1857
  • French control expanded as far south as the sahara
80
Q

Why did Napoleons idea of Humane government fail?

A
  • 1867
  • Failed due to:
  • Locust plague (1866)
  • Drought (1867)
  • As well as developments in Europe
81
Q

Who was appointed governer of Senegal?

A
  • 1854
  • General Faidherbe, proved good
  • Leading to the 1857 construction of the port of Dakar
82
Q

When was French intervention in indo-china

A
  • ## 1857-1860
83
Q

What was the result of French Intervention?

A
  • 1860 treaty of Saigon
  • French gained 3 provences and free practice of religion
84
Q

Describe Frech influence in Asia

A
  • France developed a sphere of Influence in southern china based around a naval base at Kuangchow bay
85
Q

When was the first development in the Mexico situation

A
  • July 1861
  • President Juarez suspended intrest payements to Britian, France and Spain
86
Q

What did France do in Mexico

A
  • Placed the Austrain Archduke Maximillian on the throne
  • Fought a guerilla war
  • Left to avoid US intervention
87
Q

When did France pull out of Mexico

A
  • 1866
88
Q

What was Napoleons blunder regarding Poland?

A
  • 1862
  • Napoloen III supports Polish Nationalists in Russia, bluffs about sending an army in. Relationship with Russia ends
  • Significant blunder
89
Q

What did Bismark do between 1864 and 1871

A
  • Bismark consistantly outwitted an ailed Napoloen III
90
Q

What did Napoleon do in regard to Holsiten?

A
  • 1864
  • Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark
  • Napoloen III sided with the Danes
  • Made threats but did nothing
91
Q

When and what was Biarritz

A
  • 1865
  • meeting between Napoleon III and Bismark.
  • Bismark hinted that Frane neutrality in Prussian - Austrian war would be compenstated with unspecified territorial compensation
92
Q

What was the outcome of the Austro-Prussian war?

A
  • 1866
  • Led to a swift Prussian victory
  • Napoleon III taken aback by the speed and deciciveness of victory
93
Q

What did Napoleon III demand in exchange for neutrality?

A
  • 1866
  • Demanded Luxemburg in compensation for Neutrality
94
Q

When was the treaty of London and what did it say?

A
  • 1867
  • France was obligated to withdraw its demand for Luxemburg
95
Q

What did France fail to do in 1867 in regards to foreign policy?

A
  • France failed to secure Austria and Italy as allies
96
Q

What happened in 1868

A
  • 1868
  • Spanish throne becomes vacant
97
Q

Describe the lead up to war in 1870?

A
  • 1870
  • Bismark proposed that a relative of the Prussian King, Leopold of Hollenzollen to accept the crown
  • Faced with French outrage Wilhelm turned down the offer on Leopolds behalf
  • Public Pressure forced the French ambassador to request he renouce any claim for all time
  • Wilhelm polietly refused
  • Wilhem sends a telegram to inform Bismark of development
  • Bismark edits and publishes the Ems telegram to imply France had beed insulted.
  • France declares war 19th July 1870
98
Q

When does France declare war on Prussia

A
  • 19th July 1870
99
Q

What effect did the French press have

A
  • The french press leaked the loacation of the french army. Germans knew exactly where to find them
100
Q

What was the outcome of the Battle of Sedan

A
  • 1870
  • While the french had the better rifle, they were outnumbered 450,000 to 275,000
  • The generals were inexperinced
  • Napoleon was defeated and captured at Sedan

A-Level History: Revolution and New Ideas (5 decks)

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