The Growth In Italian Nationalism 1815 - 71 Flashcards
1
Q
Describe the situation in the Italian Peninsula at the start of the Course (1815)
A
- In 1815, Italy was not a united nation, merely a geological expression
- For the past 20 years, Italy had been under the rule of Napolionic France.
- The Confrence of Vienna had returned the Italian states to the rulers before Napoleon.
Pg.1
2
Q
What are the four main states in Italy in 1815
A
- Piedmont Sardinia - Ruled by King Victor Emmanual of the House of Savoy
- Papal States - Governed by the Pope and protected by the French
- Kingdom of the Two Sicilies - Ruled by the Bourbon Dynasty of France
- Lombardy-Venicia - Ruled by the Habsburgs of Austria
Pg. 1
3
Q
What was the Risorgimento?
A
An Ideological and Literacy movement that helped to arise the idea of a united Italy
Pg. 1 + Brittanica
4
Q
Who were the Liberals in 1815
A
- A Group of well-educated, middle class people
- Opposed to violence
- Aimed to establish a constituional monarchy with certain guarenteed rights such as Freedom of Speech and a Fair Trial
- Opposed the restored monarchies in their current form
- Greatly Opposed Austrian rule and influence in Italy
Pg. 2
5
Q
Who were the Nationalists
A
- A group of people where the desire for independace and freedom from foreign rule was paramount
- Opposed the restored Monarchies in thier current form
- Favoured a Republic rather than a consitutional Monarchy
- Greatly opposed Austrian rule and influence in Italy
Pg. 2
6
Q
Who were the Radicals
A
- Much more extreme in thier viewes compared to Liberals
- Wanted social reforms and a fairer distrobution of wealth
- Prepared to use violence to achieve thier goals
- Many were members of the Secret societies
- Believed that political power should lie with the people
- Opposed to a Parliament unless it was elected by all men
- Opposed to the restored monarchies
Pg. 2
7
Q
Describe the Secret Societies in 1815
A
- Revolutionary Secret Societies
- Flourished in post Napolionic Italy
- Estimated to be 300 000 in 1820
- Most famous in the Carbonari founded in 1811
Pg. 2 - 3
8
Q
Describe the Carbonari
A
- Revolutionary Secret Society
- Founded in 1811
- Most notable secret society in Italy
- Flourished in Southern Italy - particualry around Naples
- Estimated 60 000 members
- Worried the Bourbon government in Naples enough to order thier suppression (which failed)
- Had elabortate rituals and swore unquestioning obedience to thier leaders
- Although some members planned armed revolution to overthrow the social order they were not commited republicans
- In Sardinia they hoped to establish a constituional monarchy
- Similarly in Napes they hoped to persuade the King to authorise a consitution
Pg. 2 -3
9
Q
Describe Metternich’s view in 1815
A
- Totally opposed to Nationalism, Liberalism and Radicalism
- He feared these ideas would not only undermine Austrian control over Italy but the state of Austria as a whole (which was not a nation state but the family property of the Habsburg Dynasty).
- Austria was composed of many different Ethic and cultural groups, Hence Metternich saw a united Italy as a threat to Austria’s existance
- He desiered a weak, divided Italy that could be easily controlled by Austria
10
Q
Give an overview of the revolts of 1820 and 1831
A
- Liberal Revolts in Palmero, Naples and Piedmont.
- Sicily demanded independace from Naples
- Victor Emmanual I abdicated and implemented a liberal consitution
- Successful at first but was swiftly put down by Austrian troops
- Some revolts in 1831, notably the papal states but those too put down by Austria
- Unification was not on the agenda
Pg. 5
11
Q
Why Did the 1820 and 1831 revolutions fail
A
- Revolutionaries were divided amoung themselves and lacked mass support
- Communication between the revolutionaires was mainly done through small sects of the Carbonari and was inefficient and limited.
- Effecive response from Austria at putting down the rebels
12
Q
What did Mazzini realise after 1831
A
After the failure of the revolutions in 1831-32, Mazzini concluded that the secret societies were incapable of bringing about revolutions themselves and that unification could only be achieved by Italians themselves
Pg. 6
12
Q
When did Mazzini Found Young Italy
A
October 1831
13
Q
What was the purpose of Young Italy
A
- To promote National aims through mass inserection
14
Q
What did Mazzini believe about Unification
A
- He supported the establishment of a Republic from “Below”
- However was willing to accept a consitutional monarchy from “Above”
15
Q
What did he ask Charles Albert in 1831, and what was the result?
A
- He offered to support Charles Albert as King of a united Italy if he expelled Autrians from the Italian States
- Was rejected
- Forced into exile for the next 41 years
16
Q
Describe Gioberti and his ideas
A
- One of a number of writers who put forward more moderate ideas for Italian independace
- Suggested a confederation under the Papal States that allowed for the Princes to retain thier autonomy
- The bad reputation of the Papal states as oppressive seemed top great a challange for them to be put into action
- However the election of the “Liberal” Pope Pius IX gave new hope to his plans
P.g 13
17
Q
Describe Cesare Balbo
A
- Leader of the Moderate faction
- Argued that Piedmont should expell Austria from Lombardy-Venica
- Unite Italy under Charles Albert
- However there was some debate as to whether this union should include the North or the whole peninusla
P.g 15
18
Q
The background of Cavour
A
- Born in Piedmont in 1811 to a noble family
- Sent to the Military academy in 1821
- Worked for a short time in the service of Chales Albert in the 1820’s before becoming an officer in the Army
- 1833 - left the army and went to London and Paris where he was sparked by thier industrial and financial successs
- Believed that economic progress has to preceed political change
- Was a great advocate for Railways and set up the Bank of Turin
19
Q
Overview of the Revolutions of 1848
A
- Widespread Revolutions throughout Europe
- Began in Palmero, Sicily and spread to Naples
- Revolutions in; France; Austria; Italy and other nations
- Resulted in the fall of the French Monarchy (Again), the flight of Metternich and various consitutions
- Had far reaching consequences including the founding of the Roman Republic
20
Q
Give an Overview of Pope Pius IX
A
- Origionally seen to be liberal, a suprise winner of the Papacy
- Complete change in policy in 1848, refused to allow Papal troops to assist in driving out the Austrians and denouced the Risorgimento and Nationalists
- Had to flee from Rome in discuise following the emergence of revolution.
- Excommunicated all who tried to reduce Papal powers, denounced the Roman Repulic
Pg. 20
21
Q
Describe some of Pope Pius IX’s “liberal” reforms
A
- Freed 2,000 political prisoners
- Allowed freedom of the press (As many as 100 newspapers in 1848)
- Introduced a consitutional government in Rome
- Advocated for an Italian “Zollverein”
Pg. 16
22
Q
When was Mazzini’s Roman Republic founded and how long did it last?
A
1849 and lasted 100 days
23
Q
What were the reasons behind the Revolutions of 1848?
A
- Pope Pius IX sudden rejection of Liberal ideas
- Percived financial and military weaknesses of Austria
- Economic and social greivences
- Increased levels of urabanisation and the resulting increased ability to organise
- Argrarian Society with little industrialisation
- High food prices following the poor harvests of 1846 and 1847.
- Peasants who couldn’t fead their famililes revolted in Palermero, (one of the poorest parts of Italy) and this acted as a catalyst for the Revolution.
Pg. 17
24
What percentage of the Population worked in Agriculture in the 1840's
90%
## Footnote
Pg. 17
25
Describe the aims of the different parites in the Revolutions of 1848.
* Were not overly unified
* However the most unifing factor was opposition to Austrian Rule
* Charles albert wanted to annex Lomabardy
* In contrast, liberals in Sicily revolted against rule from Naples rather than Vienna
* Whereas the Roman Republic fought for indepence from the Pope
## Footnote
Pg. 18
26
Brief overview of Daniele Manin
* Tried to present a petition the Ventitian congregation (powerless and merly tolerated)
* Was arrested for high treason
* Agitated venetians
* Mob forced is release 2 months later
* Was a leader in the coming revolutionary government in Venice
## Footnote
Pg. 18
27
Problems with the Revolutions of 1848 in terms of Italian unification
The leaders of the Revolutions were motivated politcally, however the masses were overwhelmingly motivated by Economic issues
## Footnote
Pg. 18
28
Describe the 5-days of Milan
* Brief conflict in Milan
* Anger after Austrian soldiers didnt support a boycott of Austrian tabacco
* Small fights lead to riots
* Armed supported surrounded government buildings
* 5 Days later the Austrians gave into their demands
* 18-22 March 1848
* Asked for the help of Chales Albert and a week later he declared war on Austria
## Footnote
Pg. 20
29
Reasons for the Failure of the Revoltions
* Disunity amoung leaders (Charles Albert only gave assistance when they expressed support for the Royal family in Piedmont)
* Differences in Aims; North wanted the Expulsion of Austria; Sicily opposed rule from Naples; Venice favoured a republic. Even differences in aims between leaders in the same state
* Lacked Political experice, military support and a charasmatic leader.
* Liberals often overlooked demands from the masses
* The strength of the Counter-revolutionary forces, Austria's victory at the Battle of Custoza
* Popes policy reversal and opposition to the revolutionaries
## Footnote
Pg. 26
30
How and Why did the Pope Oppose the new government, and the impact
* He rufused to let Papal troops eject the Austrian forces from Rome, unwilling to go to war with a Catholic power
* This resulted in decreased international support for the revoltionaries as Napolean III wanted to consolidate support from French Catholics so supported the Pope
* The french, the most likely country to help, ended up removing the Roman Republic.
31
What was the only material success of the 1848 revolution.
* The Statuto was granted and enforced even after Charles Albert abdicated in favour of his son Victor Emmanual
## Footnote
Pg. 33
32
Was was the first act of Victor Emmanual II?
* To negotiate peace with Austria
* Ended up paying a war endemnity of 75 000 000 lira. (75 Million)
## Footnote
Pg. 33
33
Why was Piedmont the leading state in Italy by 1860
* Successful Govenments of both Massimo d'Azeglio and most importantly Camillo di Cavour
