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A-Level History: Revolution and New Ideas > The Growth In Italian Nationalism 1815 - 71 > Flashcards

The Growth In Italian Nationalism 1815 - 71 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the situation in the Italian Peninsula at the start of the Course (1815)

A
  • In 1815, Italy was not a united nation, merely a geological expression
  • For the past 20 years, Italy had been under the rule of Napolionic France.
  • The Confrence of Vienna had returned the Italian states to the rulers before Napoleon.

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2
Q

What are the four main states in Italy in 1815

A
  • Piedmont Sardinia - Ruled by King Victor Emmanual of the House of Savoy
  • Papal States - Governed by the Pope and protected by the French
  • Kingdom of the Two Sicilies - Ruled by the Bourbon Dynasty of France
  • Lombardy-Venicia - Ruled by the Habsburgs of Austria

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3
Q

What was the Risorgimento?

A

An Ideological and Literacy movement that helped to arise the idea of a united Italy

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4
Q

Who were the Liberals in 1815

A
  • A Group of well-educated, middle class people
  • Opposed to violence
  • Aimed to establish a constituional monarchy with certain guarenteed rights such as Freedom of Speech and a Fair Trial
  • Opposed the restored monarchies in their current form
  • Greatly Opposed Austrian rule and influence in Italy

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5
Q

Who were the Nationalists

A
  • A group of people where the desire for independace and freedom from foreign rule was paramount
  • Opposed the restored Monarchies in thier current form
  • Favoured a Republic rather than a consitutional Monarchy
  • Greatly opposed Austrian rule and influence in Italy

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6
Q

Who were the Radicals

A
  • Much more extreme in thier viewes compared to Liberals
  • Wanted social reforms and a fairer distrobution of wealth
  • Prepared to use violence to achieve thier goals
  • Many were members of the Secret societies
  • Believed that political power should lie with the people
  • Opposed to a Parliament unless it was elected by all men
  • Opposed to the restored monarchies

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7
Q

Describe the Secret Societies in 1815

A
  • Revolutionary Secret Societies
  • Flourished in post Napolionic Italy
  • Estimated to be 300 000 in 1820
  • Most famous in the Carbonari founded in 1811

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8
Q

Describe the Carbonari

A
  • Revolutionary Secret Society
  • Founded in 1811
  • Most notable secret society in Italy
  • Flourished in Southern Italy - particualry around Naples
  • Estimated 60 000 members
  • Worried the Bourbon government in Naples enough to order thier suppression (which failed)
  • Had elabortate rituals and swore unquestioning obedience to thier leaders
  • Although some members planned armed revolution to overthrow the social order they were not commited republicans
  • In Sardinia they hoped to establish a constituional monarchy
  • Similarly in Napes they hoped to persuade the King to authorise a consitution

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9
Q

Describe Metternich’s view in 1815

A
  • Totally opposed to Nationalism, Liberalism and Radicalism
  • He feared these ideas would not only undermine Austrian control over Italy but the state of Austria as a whole (which was not a nation state but the family property of the Habsburg Dynasty).
  • Austria was composed of many different Ethic and cultural groups, Hence Metternich saw a united Italy as a threat to Austria’s existance
  • He desiered a weak, divided Italy that could be easily controlled by Austria
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10
Q

Give an overview of the revolts of 1820 and 1831

A
  • Liberal Revolts in Palmero, Naples and Piedmont.
  • Sicily demanded independace from Naples
  • Victor Emmanual I abdicated and implemented a liberal consitution
  • Successful at first but was swiftly put down by Austrian troops
  • Some revolts in 1831, notably the papal states but those too put down by Austria
  • Unification was not on the agenda

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11
Q

Why Did the 1820 and 1831 revolutions fail

A
  • Revolutionaries were divided amoung themselves and lacked mass support
  • Communication between the revolutionaires was mainly done through small sects of the Carbonari and was inefficient and limited.
  • Effecive response from Austria at putting down the rebels
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12
Q

What did Mazzini realise after 1831

A

After the failure of the revolutions in 1831-32, Mazzini concluded that the secret societies were incapable of bringing about revolutions themselves and that unification could only be achieved by Italians themselves

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12
Q

When did Mazzini Found Young Italy

A

October 1831

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13
Q

What was the purpose of Young Italy

A
  • To promote National aims through mass inserection
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14
Q

What did Mazzini believe about Unification

A
  • He supported the establishment of a Republic from “Below”
  • However was willing to accept a consitutional monarchy from “Above”
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15
Q

What did he ask Charles Albert in 1831, and what was the result?

A
  • He offered to support Charles Albert as King of a united Italy if he expelled Autrians from the Italian States
  • Was rejected
  • Forced into exile for the next 41 years
16
Q

Describe Gioberti and his ideas

A
  • One of a number of writers who put forward more moderate ideas for Italian independace
  • Suggested a confederation under the Papal States that allowed for the Princes to retain thier autonomy
  • The bad reputation of the Papal states as oppressive seemed top great a challange for them to be put into action
  • However the election of the “Liberal” Pope Pius IX gave new hope to his plans

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17
Q

Describe Cesare Balbo

A
  • Leader of the Moderate faction
  • Argued that Piedmont should expell Austria from Lombardy-Venica
  • Unite Italy under Charles Albert
  • However there was some debate as to whether this union should include the North or the whole peninusla

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18
Q

The background of Cavour

A
  • Born in Piedmont in 1811 to a noble family
  • Sent to the Military academy in 1821
  • Worked for a short time in the service of Chales Albert in the 1820’s before becoming an officer in the Army
  • 1833 - left the army and went to London and Paris where he was sparked by thier industrial and financial successs
  • Believed that economic progress has to preceed political change
  • Was a great advocate for Railways and set up the Bank of Turin
19
Q

Overview of the Revolutions of 1848

A
  • Widespread Revolutions throughout Europe
  • Began in Palmero, Sicily and spread to Naples
  • Revolutions in; France; Austria; Italy and other nations
  • Resulted in the fall of the French Monarchy (Again), the flight of Metternich and various consitutions
  • Had far reaching consequences including the founding of the Roman Republic
20
Q

Give an Overview of Pope Pius IX

A
  • Origionally seen to be liberal, a suprise winner of the Papacy
  • Complete change in policy in 1848, refused to allow Papal troops to assist in driving out the Austrians and denouced the Risorgimento and Nationalists
  • Had to flee from Rome in discuise following the emergence of revolution.
  • Excommunicated all who tried to reduce Papal powers, denounced the Roman Repulic

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21
Q

Describe some of Pope Pius IX’s “liberal” reforms

A
  • Freed 2,000 political prisoners
  • Allowed freedom of the press (As many as 100 newspapers in 1848)
  • Introduced a consitutional government in Rome
  • Advocated for an Italian “Zollverein”

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22
Q

When was Mazzini’s Roman Republic founded and how long did it last?

A

1849 and lasted 100 days

23
Q

What were the reasons behind the Revolutions of 1848?

A
  • Pope Pius IX sudden rejection of Liberal ideas
  • Percived financial and military weaknesses of Austria
  • Economic and social greivences
  • Increased levels of urabanisation and the resulting increased ability to organise
  • Argrarian Society with little industrialisation
  • High food prices following the poor harvests of 1846 and 1847.
  • Peasants who couldn’t fead their famililes revolted in Palermero, (one of the poorest parts of Italy) and this acted as a catalyst for the Revolution.

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24
Q

What percentage of the Population worked in Agriculture in the 1840’s

A

90%

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25
Q

Describe the aims of the different parites in the Revolutions of 1848.

A
  • Were not overly unified
  • However the most unifing factor was opposition to Austrian Rule
  • Charles albert wanted to annex Lomabardy
  • In contrast, liberals in Sicily revolted against rule from Naples rather than Vienna
  • Whereas the Roman Republic fought for indepence from the Pope

Pg. 18

26
Q

Brief overview of Daniele Manin

A
  • Tried to present a petition the Ventitian congregation (powerless and merly tolerated)
  • Was arrested for high treason
  • Agitated venetians
  • Mob forced is release 2 months later
  • Was a leader in the coming revolutionary government in Venice

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27
Q

Problems with the Revolutions of 1848 in terms of Italian unification

A

The leaders of the Revolutions were motivated politcally, however the masses were overwhelmingly motivated by Economic issues

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28
Q

Describe the 5-days of Milan

A
  • Brief conflict in Milan
  • Anger after Austrian soldiers didnt support a boycott of Austrian tabacco
  • Small fights lead to riots
  • Armed supported surrounded government buildings
  • 5 Days later the Austrians gave into their demands
  • 18-22 March 1848
  • Asked for the help of Chales Albert and a week later he declared war on Austria

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29
Q

Reasons for the Failure of the Revoltions

A
  • Disunity amoung leaders (Charles Albert only gave assistance when they expressed support for the Royal family in Piedmont)
  • Differences in Aims; North wanted the Expulsion of Austria; Sicily opposed rule from Naples; Venice favoured a republic. Even differences in aims between leaders in the same state
  • Lacked Political experice, military support and a charasmatic leader.
  • Liberals often overlooked demands from the masses
  • The strength of the Counter-revolutionary forces, Austria’s victory at the Battle of Custoza
  • Popes policy reversal and opposition to the revolutionaries

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30
Q

How and Why did the Pope Oppose the new government, and the impact

A
  • He rufused to let Papal troops eject the Austrian forces from Rome, unwilling to go to war with a Catholic power
  • This resulted in decreased international support for the revoltionaries as Napolean III wanted to consolidate support from French Catholics so supported the Pope
  • The french, the most likely country to help, ended up removing the Roman Republic.
31
Q

What was the only material success of the 1848 revolution.

A
  • The Statuto was granted and enforced even after Charles Albert abdicated in favour of his son Victor Emmanual

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32
Q

Was was the first act of Victor Emmanual II?

A
  • To negotiate peace with Austria
  • Ended up paying a war endemnity of 75 000 000 lira. (75 Million)

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33
Q

Why was Piedmont the leading state in Italy by 1860

A
  • Successful Govenments of both Massimo d’Azeglio and most importantly Camillo di Cavour

A-Level History: Revolution and New Ideas (5 decks)

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