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Unfamiliar material Flashcards

1
Q

Cell theory

A
  1. All living creature are made of cells
  2. Cells are basic structural units of all organisms.
  3. Cells originate from pre-existing cells through cell division.
  4. Energy flows occurs within cell.
  5. Hereditary information is passed on from cell to cell.
  6. All cells have the same basic chemical groups
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2
Q

G1:

A

Produce cytoplasm, proteins & organelles

* Cells increase in size

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3
Q

G2:

A

Cell continues to grow & prepare for division.

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4
Q

Cells that stay in G0 phase: (do not divide:

A

Heart cells, muscle cells, neurons, red blood cells.

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5
Q

Where is Microtubule organizing center: centrosome?

A

Eukaryotes only.

Not found in plants or fungi.

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6
Q

What are 3 types of microtubules?

A
  1. Kinetochore
  2. Astal
  3. polar
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7
Q

Kinetochore microtubule

A

Attach to chromosomes kinetochore.

Produced by mitotic spindle

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8
Q

Astral microtubule

A

Extend from centrosome to cell membrane.
Spindle apparatus orientation
Push MTOCs to opposite ends.

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9
Q

Polar microtubule

A

Arise from each MTOCs & connect with each other.

Push MTOCs to opposite ends.

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10
Q

How do.Centrioles look like?

A

hollow cylinder of 9 triplets of microtubules (9 x 3)

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11
Q

Steps of Animals cytokinesis:

A
  1. Beings in late anaphase
  2. Forms a cleavage furrow
  3. Myosin motor - travels along actin filament & contracts.
    - pulls plasma membrane toward center of cell
    - Forms a contractile ring
    - Pinches cell in two .
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12
Q

Steps of Plants cytokinesis:

A
  1. Beings in telophase.
  2. Golgi release vesicles - fuse in center of cell & grow outward in membrane.
    - creates a cell plate
    - Transforms into a middle lamella.
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13
Q

Types of Cell cycle regulation:

A
  1. Functional limitation

2. Cell specific regulation

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14
Q

What are the 2 functional limitations?

A
  1. Surface to volume ratio

2. Genome to volume ratio

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15
Q

What are 2 possibilities of the surface to volume ratio?

A
  • When volume of cell is too great = cell divides

- When surface area is not large enough = cell limits growth

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16
Q

What are 2 possibilities of the Genomic to volume ratio>

A
  • When the volume of the cell - places demand on cells genome = cell division.
  • When the cell is too large relative to the size of genome = Cell will limit growth
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17
Q

What are the 5 cell specific regulations?

A
  1. Cyclin-dependent kinases:
  2. Cell cycle checkpoints:
  3. Growth factors:
  4. Density - dependent inhibition
  5. Anchorage dependence
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18
Q

Cyclin-dependent kinases:

A

Regulates kinases ~ phosphorylation

Cyclin activates CDK

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19
Q

What are the 3 Cell cycle checkpoints ?

A

End of G1, End of G2, M checkpoint

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20
Q

End of G1 checkpoint:

A

Cell growth assessed.

Ex: liver & kidney induced from G0 to G1.

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21
Q

End of G2 checkpoint:

A

Accuracy of DN replication & mitosis signal (MPF)

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22
Q

M checkpoint:

A

Chromosomes attached to spindle fibers

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23
Q

Growth factors:

A

Receptors for growth factors ~ stimulate cell divsion

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24
Q

Density- dependent inhibition

A

Cells stop dividing - when surrounding cells density reaches a max.

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25
Q

Anchorage dependence

A

Cells divide - when attached to external surface (neighboring cells)

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26
Q

Nucleotides in DNA are linked by:

A

phosphodiester bonds

27
Q

Hydroxyl placed on which carbon on DNA:

28
Q

Hydroxyl placed on which carbon on RNA:

A

2’ & 3’

29
Q

Nucleosome

A

compacted DNA + histone

30
Q

Which histone keeps DNA wrapped around the histone core in nucleosome?

31
Q

Acetylation:

A

Removes an acetyl group (+) from the DNA (-) –> DNA loosely packed (Euchromatin) = increase transcription

32
Q

De-acetylation:

A

Add acetyl groups (+) to the DNA (-) –> DNA tightly packed (heterochromatin) = Decrease transcription

33
Q

Methylation:

A

Add methyl can up regulate or down regulation depending on which AA receives methyl group.

34
Q

Replication fork

A

creates tension

35
Q

Topoisomerase (DNA gyrase ~ in bacteria)

A

relieves tension = creates small nicks

36
Q

Primase:

A

places RNA primer at origin of replication.

- Provides 3’ hydroxyl for DNA)

37
Q

DNA polymerase extends in which direction?

38
Q

DNA polymerase reads template in which direction?

39
Q

Telomerase:

A

enzyme extends telomeres.

40
Q

Transcription in prokaryotes:

A

initiation
elongation
Termination

41
Q

Initiation in prokaryotes: (1 step)

A
  1. RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequence.
42
Q

Promoter

A

helps to attract RNA polymerase

43
Q

Elongation in prokaryotes: (2 steps)

A

Begins after transcription bubble is established (A & T rich)

  1. RNA polymerase travels along template (non-coding or antisense) -> 3’-5’ direction
  2. RNA extends in 5’-3’ directions
44
Q

Termination in prokaryotes:

A
  1. RNA polymerase transcribes terminator sequence.
45
Q

Where does transcription occur in prokaryotes?

46
Q

RNA holoenzyme

A

RNA polymerase + sigma factor

47
Q

How many types of termination do prokaryotes have?

A

Rho independent termination and Rho dependent termination

48
Q

Rho independent termination:

A
  1. Terminator sequence of DNA causes RNA transcript to fold into a hairpin loop.
  2. Hairpin loop: causes RNA polymerase to pause after a certain amount of time.
  3. In the pause: DNA adenine transcribed into Uracil.
  4. Those weak bonds between adenine and uracil cause instability - RNA polymerase falls off & transcript is released.
49
Q

Rho dependent termination:

A
  1. Rho binds to protein Rho binding site of RNA transcript. 2. Rho moves along RNA transcript in 5’-3’ direction, same direction as the extension of RNA polymerase.
  2. Rho will catch up to RNA polymerase b/c of transcription stop point - forcing RNA to pause.
  3. Rho will displace the RNA transcript and transcription ends.
50
Q

What is an operon?

A

a group of related genes. ~ has one promoter site.

51
Q

Lac operon:

A

Inducible operon

52
Q

Lac I ?

A

lac repressor protein

Constitutively expressed.

53
Q

Presence of lactose?

A
  1. allolactose binds to lac repressor ~ undergoes conformation change.
  2. RNA polymerase binds to the operator region.
54
Q

Function of CAP and CAMP?

A

increase level transcription. CAP binds to CAMP

55
Q

CAMP inversely related to

56
Q

What is operator region?

A

sequence of DNA that lies near promoter site, regulatory region of operon.

57
Q

Tryptophan operon:

A

Repressible operon (always active)

58
Q

If tryp levels are HIGH:

A

Tryp binds to the repressor ~ activating it .

Repressor binds to the operator site ~ prevent transcription

59
Q

If tryp levels are LOW:

A

Tryp repressor is inactive ~ cant bind to the operator region
Transcription occurs.

60
Q

How many domains does attenuation have?

61
Q

Domain 1:

A

contains codons for the amino acid tryptophan

62
Q

Domain 4:

A

Attenuation sequence

63
Q

High Tryp: What happens at Domain 3 & 4

A

RNA transcription will attach ~ forming the hairpin loop

Termination of sequence

64
Q

Low Tryp: What happens at domain 1?

A

Ribosome will pause at domain 1 of RNA transcript

DAT (5 decks)

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