Chapter 11.2 Respiration Flashcards
Cnidaria:
Simple diffusion ~ Transport gas molecules
Passive transport ~ selectively permeable membrane.
Direct contact with moist environment
No circulatory system
Annelida
Simple diffusion
Closed circulatory system ~ oxygen is transported through this system.
- CO2 is taken from tissues to skin - diffuses out
Arthropoda
Open circulatory system contain hemolymph
- oxygen diffuses from outside to cells
- CO2 diffuses from cells to outside
Arthropoda insects:
Have spiracles ~ small openings
Spiracles has small channels called
tracheal tubes
Tracheal tubes
allow oxygen to diffuse in and CO2 to diffuse out
Arthropoda Arachnids:
Book lungs
Book lungs
Stacks of flat vascularized membranes inside a chamber that is with outside environment
Fish:
Closed circulatory
Have gills
Countercurrent exchange
Have operculum
Countercurrent exchange
Fluid flows in different directions
Creates a diffusion gradient over the surface of the gills (more oxygen in and CO2 removed)
What is operculum?
opening where oxygen and carbon dioxide enter and leave
Which lung is smaller? Left lung or right lunge
Left lung
Left has how many lobes?
2 lobes
Right has how many lobes?
3 lobes
Pleura:
Dual layer membrane that covers each lung
Pleura has how many layers & what are they?
2 layers, Outer layer: Parietal layer
Inner layer: Visceral layer
What is the space between each layer called?
Pleural space
What is the pleural space?
It has fluid that is always at a lower pressure than atm
Intrapleural
allows for the lungs not to collapse
Inspiration:
- Diaphragm = contacts
- Volume of the lungs and thoracic cavity = increases
- Pressure in intrapleural space = decreases
- Air flows into lungs
MOST NEGATIVE PEAK IS IN :
Inspiration
Pulmonary surfactant
Decreases the surface tension in lungs
Expiration:
- Diaphragm & external intercostal muscles (elastic recoil_) = relax
- Volume of the lungs and thoracic cavity = decrease
- Pressure in intrapleural space = increases
- Air flows out of the lungs
LEAST NEGATIVE PEAK IS IN:
Expiration
External intercostal
Do inspiration
Internal intercostal
Do expiration
Tidal volume
During NORMAL breathing volume of AIR MOVING IN THE LUNGS
Inspiratory reserve volume
Forceful inhalations - more air inspired
Expiratory reserve volume
Forceful exhalation - more air exhaled
Functional residual capacity
After a normal tidal exhalation the VOLUME OF AIR LEFT
Residual volume
Minimum amount of air that MUST ALWAYS BE PRESENT IN LUNGS.
Vital capacity
Maximum amount of air that COULD BE EXHALED AFTER A MAXIMUM INHALATION.
Total lung capacity
Volume of air LUNGS CAN HOLD
Pathway of air
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.
Nasal cavity has:
Goblet cells
Ciliated epithelial cells
Function of Goblet cells
secrete mucus
Function of Ciliated epithelial cells
move debris that is trapped
Pharynx has:
ciliated epithelial cells ~ dispose debris
Larynx is:
Structure in epiglottis that diverts air
Trachea has :
C-shaped cartilage
cover with ciliated epithelial cells
2 Bronchi:
enters lungs and divide into bronchioles
Bronchioles has
small sacs called alveoli
Alveoli has 2 types of cells:
Type 1: Structural support of the alveoli
Type 2: Produce surfactant
Surfactant
reduce surface tension - prevent fluid from collapsing
