Chapter 10: plants Flashcards

1
Q

Imbibition

A

Absorption of water by seed ~ breaks seed coat

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2
Q

Meristem

A

an area of plant takes place through repeated cell division

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3
Q

Apical meristem

A
Grows vertically ~ increases height
Primary Growth (all plants)
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4
Q

Two types of meristem

A

Apical and lateral

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5
Q

Lateral meristem

A
Grows horizontally ~ increase width/thickness
Secondary Growth (woody plants)
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6
Q

Three zones at apical meristem

A

Zone of division : constant division
Zone of elongation: absorption of water
Zone of maturation: differentiation into specific plant tissues

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7
Q

Vascular cambium:

A

ring of meristemic tissue located between primary xylen & phloem

  • Cells produced outside ~ become secondary phloem
  • Cells produced inside ~ become secondary xylem
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8
Q

Secondary Xylem:

A

along with pith ~ form wood.

- Constant production ~ forms growth rings

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9
Q

Secondary phloem:

A

bark, cork cambium, cork

- Replaces the older ones.

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10
Q

Cork cambium:

A

ring of meristemic beyond the phloem.

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11
Q

Ground tissue:

A

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma

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12
Q

Parenchyma:

A

Filler tissue

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13
Q

Collenchyma:

A

Extra support to plant

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14
Q

Sclerenchyma:

A

main structural support

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15
Q

Phloem

A

Transports sugars

- sieve & companion cells

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16
Q

Sieve

A

allows substances to flow through them

lack organelles

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17
Q

Companion cells

A

carries out metabolic functions
have organelles
* connected via plasmodesmata

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18
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water in unidirectional

- Tracheids & vessel elements

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19
Q

Tracheids

A

Overlap their tapered ends.

Form tracheid to tracheid through pits

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20
Q

Vessel elements:

A

Vessel to vessel through perforation

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21
Q

Both xylem & phloem arrange to form

A

Stele (central part of the root)

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22
Q

Pith

A

Tissue found in center of root or stem.
- Made up of parenchyma
Stores and transports materials.

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23
Q

Epidermis

A

waxy layer ~ cuticle

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24
Q

Root hairs

A

Increase surface area - greater water & nutrient uptakes.
Cuticle - limits evaporation
Symplastic pathway - water movement through cell’s cytoplasm
Apoplastic pathway - water movement outside the cell (cell wall)

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25
Q

Casparian strip

A

regulate type & amount of substance that can enter from roots to the rest of the plant.
- fatty, waxy substance ~ impenetrable.

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26
Q

Function of stomata

A

gas exchange (open & close)

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27
Q

Function of guard cells

A

control opening & closing of stomata

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28
Q

LOW CO2:

A

during daylight ~ open stomata - diffusion of K+ - creates a gradient - cell turgid (Hypotonic)

29
Q

HIGH CO2:

A

night time ~ close stomata

30
Q

HIGH TEMP:

A

Needs to prevent transpiration ~ close stomata

31
Q

When cells becomes turgid –> what happens to guard cells

A

Change shape

32
Q

Guard cells - flaccid

A

no gas exchange - cover stomata

33
Q

2 types of Mesophyll

A
  1. Palisada mesophyll

2. Spongy Mesophyll

34
Q

Palisada mesophyll

A

tightly packed cells - carry out photosynthesis

closer to upper epidermis

35
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

loosely packed cells - allow for gas exchange

closer to lower epidermis

36
Q

Bundle sheath of cells

A

surround & protect vascular bundles

Important for C4 plants

37
Q

Types of water movements in plants:

A

Transpiration
Capillary action
Root pressure

38
Q

Transpirational pull:

A

water evaporates out through stomata

39
Q

Cohesion:

A

Similar particles cling to one another

40
Q

Capillary action

A

Adhesive force - different particle

- b/w water & xylem vessels

41
Q

Root pressure:

A

pressure that builds up in plant’s roots

osmotic gradient - drives water into root.

42
Q

Types of food movements in plants:

A

Pressure flow hypothesis

43
Q

Pressure flow hypothesis:

A

movement of sugars in phloem b/c of water movement.
- Produce sugars in leaves –> load sugar in phloem –> increase sugar concentration –> creates a gradient–> pulls water from xylem into phloem –> creates a turgor pressure –> allows for bulk flow

44
Q

Turgor pressure

A

Hypotonic (low outside, high inside)

45
Q

Plasmolyzed pressure

A

Hypertonic (high outside, low inside)

46
Q

Flaccid pressure

A

Isotonic

47
Q

Bulk flow

A

movement of sugar & water from leaves down to roots

48
Q

Plants hormones: (5)

A

Ethylene, Cytokinin, Gibberellins, Abscisic acid, Auxin

49
Q

Ethylene

A

Increase ripening of fruit

50
Q

Cytokinin

A

regulates cell division & differentiation

- Prevents senescence (aging) of plants

51
Q

Gibberellins

A

Stem & shoot elongation
Eliminates dormancy
Produces fruit, leaf & fruit death.

52
Q

Abscisic acid

A

In times of stress

Promotes seed dormancy, close stomata & inhibits growth

53
Q

Auxin

A

Promotes growth, function with cytokinin

- Phototropism, Gravitropism. Thigmotropism

54
Q

Phototropism

A

Growth towards light

55
Q

Gravitropism

A

Growth opposite of gravity

56
Q

Thigmotropism

A

Growth because of contact

57
Q

Basic alternation of generation cycle steps: (9)

A

Spores, mitosis, gametophyte, gametes, fertilization, zygote, mitosis, sporophyte, meiosis

58
Q

Homosporous

A

One type of spores

59
Q

Heterosporous

A

Two types of spores: microspores (males), megaspores (females)

60
Q

Bryophytes:

A
mosses, hornworts, liverworts 
Nonvascular, no roots 
Small & short - grow horizontally 
Found in moist habitats. 
Contain Rhizoids ~ water absorption & anchorage. 
Gametophyte dominated 
Flagellated sperm, spores dispersal unit
61
Q

Tracheophytes:

A
Ferns, gymnosperms & angiosperms 
Vascular plants ~ contain phloem & xylem 
Tall- grow vertically 
Have roots ~ anchors 
Sporophyte stage dominated
62
Q

Lycophytes, pterophytes - Seedless

A

Club moss, ferns & horsetails, quilworts
Ferns formed first during forest carboniferous period
Heterospores
Flagellated sperm

63
Q

Angiosperm & gymnosperm - Seeds

A
Heterosporous 
A. Gymnosperm: 
- Seeds ~ not protected 
- Conifers (fir, spruce, aspen)
- Do not have flagellated sperm 
- Wind dispersal 
- Sporophyte generation 

B. Angiosperm:

  • Seeds - protected
  • Flowers bearing & produce fruit
  • Do not have flagellated sperm
  • Wind/animal dispersal
  • Double fertilization (endosperm)
64
Q

Monocots

A
Single cotyledon 
Parallel leaf veins 
Flowers multiple of 3's 
Scattered vascular bundles 
Fibrous root system
65
Q

Dicots:

A
Two cotyledon 
Netted/branched leaf veins 
Flowers multiple of 4's or 5's
Organized in circular vascular bundles 
Taproot
66
Q

Nitrogen fixing bacteria:

A

fix nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia (NH3) & Ammonium (NH4+)

67
Q

Nitrifying bacteria

A

convert ammonia (NH3) & Ammonium (NH4+) to nitrile (CN) & nitrate (NO3-)

68
Q

Detritus

A

death & decay of plants & animals

69
Q

Denitrifying bacteria

A

Convert nitrate (NO3-) into nitrogen gas (N2)