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Underwater Flashcards

1
Q

What are the damage criteria for underwater ordnance?

A

Unaltered Intact recovery- no damage to functioning parts most hazardous (Use the RCC simultaneously with a modified OP)

Minor- Classified

Moderate- use of an OP shock wave to neutralize mine, safest

Heavy- shaped charges and contact charges used to cut wires, and flood mine, required knowledge of mine ( Linear shaped charges and the Mk 89)

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2
Q

How do you build an OP shot?

A

Must be low mu
Must have strain relief
Deeper than 30 ft needs double strand det cord
Create moderate damage

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3
Q

What is the Low Mu Standards pub?

A

Mil-m-19595 D
A-2-1-68

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4
Q

What is the Low-Mu standard based on?

A

S NM R

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5
Q

What are the contact and non contact standards for assembled tools?

A

Allowable signatures is no more than 5 gamma

The contact assembly test distance shall be 4.50 inches from the center of the active element in the Magnetometer sensor to the surface of the item.

The non-contact assembly test distance shall be 12.00 inches from the center of the active element in the Magnetometer sensor to the surface of the item.

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6
Q

How long is low mu good for and can it be shortened/extended?

A

5 years

Yes it can be shortened if EMR contamination of the storage location has occurred or the tools have been used/come into contact with metal.

Yes it can be extended if tools have been kept in original or equivalent container/ packaging and have been kept clean dry and free of contamination

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7
Q

What are the Low mu tool kits and what is inside of them?

A

Mk 26 Mod 0: specific tools for underwater ordnance
-Examples: Exploder and booster removal tool

Mk 27 Mod 0: General purpose tools for EOD missions involving magnetic influence ordnance
-Examples: adjustable and open end wrenches and blacksmith hammer

Mk36 Mod 0 tools for digging and excavating
-Examples: shovel, Hand pick, and trowel

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8
Q

What are the low mu shape charges and their specifications?

A

-86 : 7” linear shaped charge, 34g CH-6 , .31inches mild steel
Heavy damage

-87 : 7” linear shaped charge, 68g CH-6, 1” mild steel
Heavy damage

-88: lipstick charge, 1g CH-6, .5” mild steel

-89: 224g A-3, 1” hole up to 5” of mild steel
Heavy Damage

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9
Q

Can you use a hero safe cap with a low mu tool for influence ordnance?

A

No, 260 gamma at 2

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10
Q

How do you know if a mine is submarine laid?

A

It will have bore rider pins or rails

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11
Q

What is the max depth of the 2A?

A

300 ft

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12
Q

What are the 2A’s ranges in active mode?

A

Ranges: (20,60,120yds)

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13
Q

What are the phases of MCM operations?

A

Damn Can It Not Rain Every Day

Detect
Classify
Identify (Where EOD enters)
Neutralize
Recover
Exploit
Dispose

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14
Q

What is a mine threat area?

A

Large square area thought to be mined. Size and shape is based on the intent of the enemy (stop shipping, prevent landing on beach)

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15
Q

What is a mine danger area?

A

An area within the MTA where a mine has been found. The MDA is a safe standoff area surrounding the mine.

Formed once mine is found

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16
Q

What is a MILEC (Mine Like Echo)

A

A sonar return from the MK 18 that shows something is present. CANT be classified as a mine unless there has been “eyes on” the contact, either by divers or seabotix

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17
Q

What is a MILCO (Mine Like Contact)

A

A sonar return from a tow-fish that shows a definite shape. Still needs to be confirmed before given an MRN. Anomalies are classified as MILCO; something that is manmade but not sure if its a mine

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18
Q

What is a CRN

A

Contact Reference Number

A number used for a contact that MIGHT be a mine

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19
Q

What is an MRN

A

Used when a MILCO or CRN has been CONFIRMED to be a mine

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20
Q

What is Confidence Factor

A

Based on a 1-5 scale. 1 being lowest certainty…5 is the highest certainty a contact is a mine. CF of 1 is the highest priority because it is unknown.

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21
Q

What is ORN (Object Reference Number)

A

Given to a CRN when it has been deemed NOT a mine

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22
Q

How much detcord is to be used for an OP charge

A

Depth x 1.5 = length of det cord (Double strand, time and a half)

Will always be double strand; technically you don’t need to double strand until 33’ depth, but we always double strand

Example: if the mine is 150’ deep, double the depth (300’) and multiply by 1.5 (450) to get total length of det cord needed.

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23
Q

What are the UIS Ranges

A

3,7,10,20,40,60,80,160 feet

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24
Q

Is the UIS a contact tool?

A

No

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25
Q

Does the UIS have a passive mode?

A

Yes

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26
Q

What do you do if the UIS starts to bubble underwater?

A

Drop it and leave it for 24 hours, the battery may explode

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27
Q

What is the nomenclature for the LMNS?

A

Mk108 Mod 0

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28
Q

What is the max depth of the LMNT? And why?

A

Depth: 70 ft, past that the O-ring will fail and the standoff section will flood.

There is no minimum depth

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29
Q

What is the standoff for the LMNT?

A

It is built in.

Keep it 2 inches off the hull of the ship

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30
Q

What is the load inside the LMNT?

A

28g C-4

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31
Q

What are potential mounting systems for the LMNT

A

Rods
Flexible arms
Magnets (300lbs)
Bungees
Screws
Suction Cups (40lbs)

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32
Q

What does SWAG stand for?

A

Shock Wave Generator

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33
Q

How many LMNTs come in a warload?

A

6 LMNT’s come in warlord

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34
Q

Name the Influence Mine Safeties

A

Magnetic
Acoustic
Seismic
Pressure
UEP (Underwater Electrical Potential)
PSE (Preventative Stripping Equipment)

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35
Q

Name and describe the two types of mine exploitation?

A

Mechanical
Green sticking done remotely in case of PSE

Explosive
explosive stripping (ECT -explosive cutting tape, or FLSC - flex linear shape charge, on mine case to bust open)

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36
Q

How is a DWFA made?

A

Floating Bubble wrap method

-S fold and tape two time fuse trains to the laid out piece of bubble wrap.

-Then roll wrap together from each end and tape.

-Tape caps and igniters to the outside of wrap for easy grab

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37
Q

What is the difference between the hot and the cold bouy?

A

Two Buoys anchored to bottom, 100 ‘ apart, a line with carabiners attached every 5’ is tied between the buoys.

Hot is where non-RSPd mines go

Cold is where RSPd mines go

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38
Q

How long should the limpet tow line be?

A

100ft

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39
Q

How many people should be on the tow boat for Limpet ops?

A

3 cox, line handler, deck hand

40
Q

How far under the water should limpet be placed while on the laundry line (tamp depth)?

A

10ft

41
Q

Wait Times for Underwater Explosion?

A

Times will vary with ORM, order of battle, what has been found so far, and pre-planned responses.

42
Q

Average NEW of a limpet?

A

3.5lbs NEW

43
Q

Avg size hole a limpet creates?

A

18sqft hole in 3/8in. rolled steel

44
Q

Limpet Safeties

A

Time
Anti-Removal
Light
Pressure (submarines)
(could be more)

45
Q

Different Limpet Initiation Systems?

A

Mechanical Clock
Material Fatigue
Chemical Delay
Remote Acoustic
Hydrostatic Pressure

46
Q

What is a special attack charge?

A

Large explosives transported via swimmers, SDV or combo.

Could also be very large charges dropped below the vessel on ocean floor

Normally fired timed devices

Size: 200-3000 pounds

Can be attached via cables and clamps to keel, tied to anchor and allowed to drift under the ship using the current

47
Q

Different 5 Magnetic Mine sensors?

A

Magnetic Dip Needle:
Magnetized needle that moves in response to the magnetic field change caused by a passing ship. Insensitive, outdated.

Search Coil:
Functions by eddy currents(conductive material) sweeping through a coil volume creating an electric current in the coil.
Once the magnetized coil senses a shift in the mag field in the coil as a ship travels through, it sets it off.

Due to a ships size and distance from mine, the ships magnetic field is constant over the entire coil (60”long). If a smaller target is present (EOD diver w/ tools), the coil doesn’t experience a constant mag field and is less sensitive.

Requirers entire coil to be under mag field

Magnetometer:
Uses a small sensing element Less than a cubic inch to detect a mag field change at a single point….its a non moving part

Detects on all three planes x, y, z

Highly sensitive and THREAT TO DIVERS

Used on US Destructor and Quick mines

All new mag mines should be assumed to have this sensor

Gradiometer:
2 or more magnetometers arranged linearly on either end of mine that adds the values of both to determine if it should function.

Once the differences between the two sensors reaches a predetermined setting, the mine will fire.

Approach from side, directly in the middle of mine so both will read an even amount.

Active magnetic Sensor:
Uses same technology used in an all-metals locator

Sensor contains a small magnetic field of limited range. When conductive material gets near and causes a change in mag field, the mine fires.

Think of mag waves coming out and when a ship comes by it pulls the waves and distorts

No known way to quantify amount and distance of metal needed to fire

48
Q

What is TCL?

A

Top Center Line: used frequently with torpedoes. Refers to a portion that is uppermost during the torpedo run

49
Q

What does it mean when a mine is sitting proud?

A

Sitting on top of bottom, less than 6” of sand burying mine

50
Q

Underwater Wait time after an OP shot?

A

24 hours (preferred) can be reduced to 12 hours

We wait because some mines are prone to self destruct after case flooding

30 min with robot (This is to allow the bottom to settle)

51
Q

How do we mitigate PSE?

A

Preventative Stripping Equipment (booby trapped mine to prevent exploitation)

Consider all unknown mines to have PSE

Mitigated by green sticking and remotely performing mechanical exploitation.

PSE is assumed to be on all foreign ordnance and items that have been out of the US hands for some time

52
Q

Tow Distance for mines? Why this distance? Number of personnel? Can this distance be shortened?

A

600 feet

Provides easy steerage, reduced frag hazard, outside serious shock range

Mine should be place 10’ underwater during tow

3 people (coxswain, deckhand, line handler)

Yes, at platoon OIC’s discretion to temporarily shorten to 300ft

53
Q

How fast should you tow a bottom mine?

A

Fast enough to maintain steerage but slow enough as to not actuate the firing system

54
Q

Approach angle for an influence mine?

A

45-90 degree angle from either side of nose.

55
Q

Emergency Jettison requirements off ship?

A

12nm off shore
3000’ deep ( 500 fathoms)
CO’s approval ( log needs ordnance, location, depth)

56
Q

ORCA lifting Capacity (O&M Manual)

A

2500lbs @ 170’ with doubles
2500lbs @ 330’ with quads
Pub is A-2-1-57 (twin 80 = 1731lbs, twin 100 = 2112lbs, and also mentioned in

57
Q

4 Methods of Initiation for Lifting Balloon

A

Acoustic
Electric
Manual
Pneumatic

58
Q

What is the difference between a Floating vs Drifting mine?

A

Floating:
Was a moored mine that broke loose from anchor.

Drifting:
Mine that is free floating on the surface. They drift with the wind/current.
Consider a drifting mine to be contact initiated

59
Q

What are the rings for an MCM operaiton?

A

MRB - on the mine mark, no specified distance.
Plume Buoy - 150 feet for an unkown mine
MEB - 600ft away. EOD support craft hold here.

Non-essential support craff will stage at 1200 feet

Large naval vessels will stage at 2km

60
Q

What is the best time to beach a mine?

A

30 minutes before high tide

61
Q

Where on a moored mine is a contact charge effective?

A

Place the contact charge over the air void

Or Place over mechanism compartment to damage/flood internal components

Can penetrate a case thickness of (.20 inches)

This gives heavy damage, it will collapse, flood and sink the mine

62
Q

What is a control mine? How to safe it?

A

Firing signal sent from remote control actuation

Used in protective minefields

Determine the mine control point and ensure the actuation means is safed

Consider the possibility of more than one mine being controlled from a single point, and that a single mine may have more than one control point

Surface-laid mines may also be used as controlled mines in close-in defense

63
Q

What is the minimum and maximum depth of the SWAG

A

30 inches minimum

50 feet maximum

64
Q

What type of Styrofoam do we use in the SWAG?

A

3lb / cubic foot

Polystyrene

65
Q

What 7 things do you check on an environmental dive and where does it take place?

A

Done @ 600’ at the closest

EBS
Check your rig
Vis
Temp
Current
Bottom type
Arm thrust test for bottom type

66
Q

What components of the MK 16 are contact and non contact?

A

Non contact:
Secondary display (low mu by the rubber boot over the display)

Contact:
Primary Display, clip, cable assembly
DTG on your wrist

67
Q

What is GRP and FRP?

A

FRP (Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic)
GRP (Glass Reinforced Plastic)

Shaped charges are more effective on these types

68
Q

What is an Oscillating mine?

A

Mine that goes up and down in the water column

An influence is met and it ascends in water column, for second influence if it is met it initiates, if not it goes back down

Warning states:
Be aware that sea surface and/or recovery may induce rolling, bobbing action which could actuate a malfunctioned mine.
Use extreme caution if you have to tow an oscillating mine

69
Q

Give recommendations for suspected mining of a ship (Limpet Attack)

A

List the ship to expose the limpet above the surface

Evacuate nonessential personnel

Damage control condition zebra

If on the anchor, veer the ship to max scope

Flood empty voids in immediate danger area

Move the ship if the mine is on the ocean floor (berthing)

Beach the ship

70
Q

Why would we list a ship if it has a limpet?

A

To reduce the tamp effect

71
Q

Give recommendations for a ship pulling in to an area where limpets are a threat

A

Post armed sentries

Rig above and below water lighting around the ship, illuminating out to 100 meters from the ship

Provide for use of anti-swimmer charges

Move ship to more protected anchorage

Rotate ship’s screws at max RPM as much as possible while moored (creates a current)

Set condition Zebra throughout the ship

Put to sea

Darken the ship

Provide sentries with NVGs

72
Q

What is the point of a contact charge on a mine?

A

Designed to neutralize mines for intel or in situations where a high-order can’t be tolerated.

Objective is to rupture/flood the mine, short electrical circuits, disrupt components and retract spring loaded extenders/HAS

A 1.5” x 7.5” contact charge of C7 will rupture mines with case thickness of 0.20”

73
Q

What are the MK 16 Sub systems?

A

Housing, Electronics, Recirculation, Pneumatics

74
Q

Ascent and Descent rates for MK 16

A

60/30

75
Q

Average Bottle Duration

A

5 hour duration for O2

76
Q

Flow rates for Diluent and O2 Bypass Valve on the Mk16

A

Diluent: 50 LPM
O2: 5 LPM

77
Q

What is the breathing loop capacity in the Mk16

A

8.5 Liters

78
Q

What absorbent materials are used

A

Sodasorb and Sofnolime

79
Q

What mesh is Sodasorb? Sofnolime?

A

Sodasorb: 4-8

Sofnolime: 4-8 or 8-12

80
Q

What are the Sodasorb expiration times after opening.

A

24 hours in MK 16

14 days double bag

30 days in an opened container

5 years from manufacture date

81
Q

What batteries does the secondary display on a Mk16 use?

At what voltage are they unserviceable?

A

(4) 1.5 volt hearing aid batteries

Unserviceable = 1.2 volts

82
Q

What cubic feet of gas does the inconel 718 bottle store

A

21 cubic feet of gas, 3000 psi

83
Q

What size is the O2 and Diluent filter on a Mk16

A

60 micron

84
Q

At what primary battery reading do you abort?

A

Modernized: 5.8
Legacy: .00

85
Q

What are your O2 sensor limits?

A

22-28 milli volts

86
Q

Mk16 bottle Charging Rates?

A

200 wet, 100 Dry

87
Q

How many bendex connections are in a Mk16?

A

8

88
Q

How much does a Mk16 weigh?

A

66lbs

89
Q

What is the max depth of the defender

A

400m

90
Q

What is the tensile strength of the defender cable?

A

1400 lbs

91
Q

Max depth of the seabot?

A

300m

92
Q

Max current of the seabot?

A

2 knots

93
Q

Seabot lifting capacity

A

220lbs

94
Q

Seabot tether length

A

250m

95
Q

What is the most dangerou type of mine to eod craft

What is the cone size?

A

High-Frequency upward listening acoustic

3x water depth away

96
Q

What is the nomenclature for the fish?

A

The Mk18 Mod 1(little one) and 2 (big one)

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