Surface Flashcards
1
Q
List all applicable K factors
A
K3.5 = Critical Cover Thickness
K9 = Interline Barricaded Distance, possibility of sympathetic detonation
K18 = Interline Un-Barricaded charge, external breaching
K24 = Public Travel Road Distance
L-1-1-1-1 states the P2 should be close enough to maintain visual and verbal communication with P1.
K36 = Internal breaching
K40 = Inhabited Building Distance
K50 = Essential Personell
K100 = All glass will break
K328 = Non-Essential Personell
K625 = Maximum Flyrock Distance
A consideration for cave openings/portholes is a minimum distance of 1800ft away from them in a 10 degree arc either side of the centerline.
2
Q
Define Detonate
A
A decomposition reaction in which the zone of chemical reaction (blast wave) propagates at supersonic velocity.
3
Q
Define Deflagrate
A
An intense, burning reaction in an explosive that consumes much explosive material. (Can disperse fragmentation up to 200 meters)
4
Q
Define DDT
A
‘Deflagration to Detonation” is when a decomposition reaction changes from a slow process to a supersonic one. This occurs when an explosive in confinement burns so rapidly, a pressure wave of sufficient magnitude to detonate the explosive/propellant is achieved. Can occur in cracked propellant grains.
5
Q
Define Sensitivity
A
The susceptibility of an energetic substance to heat, shock, and friction.
6
Q
Define Stability
A
The property of an explosive to resist detonation or deterioration under normal storage conditions.
7
Q
Define Brisance
A
The shattering effect of an explosive.
8
Q
Define Sympathetic detonation
A
An explosion caused by the transmission of a detonation wave through any medium from another explosion. (Can also be caused by flying fragments impacting shock sensitive explosives)
9
Q
Define Low Order
A
A detonation in which the reaction is less than total and/or the reaction is less than maximum velocity.
10
Q
Define High Order
A
A detonation in which total reaction occurs at maximum velocity.
11
Q
Define Low Explosive
A
An explosive which, when used in its normal manner, deflagrates or burns rather than detonates. The velocity of the detonation wave is less than the speed of sound of the unreacted material.
12
Q
Define High Explosive
A
An explosive which, when used in its normal manner, detonates rather than burning or deflagrating. The velocity of the detonation wave is greater than the speed of sound of the unreacted material.
13
Q
Define Primary Explosive
A
Substances, which upon being subjected to flame, heat, impact, friction, or electric spark, generate a detonation wave
Generally used to detonate larger, main charges.
14
Q
Define Secondary Explosive
A
A material that is less sensitive than primary explosives, requiring a booster to initiate, and is generally used as the final charge in any explosive application.
15
Q
Where do we draw the line between primary and secondary explosive?
A
PETN
16
Q
Define Stable Detonation Velocity
A
The reaction velocity that occurs in an explosive under normal circumstances and results in a high-order explosion.
17
Q
Define the Mach Stem effect
A
The resulting ‘3rd’ wave that is created from two explosive waves that meet and then fuse into one. The resulting wave is called the Mach Stem and is twice as powerful than the initial waves.
18
Q
Define Primary Frag
A
Fragments associated with the munition’s primary casing whereby the inner case is in intimate contact or directly coupled with explosive material.
19
Q
Define Secondary Frag
A
Fragments associated with materials in contact with, or in close proximity to the detonating explosive charge. These are generally produced by the shockwave of the original explosion but can also be made by impacting primary frag.
20
Q
Define Glazing
A
High-velocity window glass fragments.
21
Q
How does tempered glass react to breaking vs annealed glass?
A
Tempered glass breaks into small, smooth fragments
Annealed glass breaks into large, razor sharp fragments
22
Q
Define Firebrand
A
A projected hot fragment, burning energetic material, or burning debris whose thermal energy is transferred to the surroundings.
23
Q
Define NEW
A
“Net Explosive Weight” Total weight of explosives contained in an item based on its TNT equivalent weight.
24
Q
Define Flyrock
A
Rock and large chunks of soil projected from a cave demolition site by force of the explosion.
25
What does NEWQD stand for?
“Net Explosive Weight Quantity Distance"
26
Define Spalling
Fragments torn from either surface of an armor plate or interior cave wall with adjacent chambers.
27
Define CCT
“Critical Cover Thickness” - Thickness required to prevent spalling on the other side of cave walls.
28
Define BOD
“Blast Over Pressure Distance” is the distance at which peak over pressure from an explosion will be experienced.
29
Define HFD
“Hazardous Fragment Distance'' is the distance at which no more than one hazardous fragment (defined as a fragment having an impact energy of 58 ft-lbs or more) will impact in a 600ft^2 area.
30
Define MFD
“Maximum Fragment Distance” is the distance at which fragments are not expected to travel beyond. This does NOT account for primary fragments that bounce, ricochet, or roll, nor does it account for rouge frag.
31
Define VFD
Vertical Fragment Distance
32
Define HERO
“Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance”
Susceptibility of an ordnance item to EMR
33
Define CREW
“Counter Radio-Controlled IED Electronic Warfare”
A-2-1-109
A-2-1-119
34
What are rogue fragments and how far do they travel?
Fragments that have a greater mass and can be projected very large distances. Associated components are bomb noses, nose plugs, suspension lugs, strongbacks, baseplates, and guidance and control systems.
10,000ft
35
How can you mitigate rogue frag?
Use of open pit or tamped disposals, use of natural barriers, and positioning items such that known rogue fragments are pointed away from areas of concern.
36
When do you increase frag distance on a demo shot?
When the item is not being detonated as designed. (+33%)
When intentionally detonating items with engineered fragmenting warheads.
When stacking items as opposed to detonating them side-by-side.
37
What exception exists to the added 33% when stacking ordnance or non-design initiation?
Exceptions can be made when engineered fragment control methods and PPE measures are employed.
38
What is K-Factor and how is it calculated?
A scaling factor based on risk assumed or permitted.
It can be thought of overpressure PSI at a given distance from a given weight of explosives.
K factor can be calculated with the following equation where BOD is blast overpressure distance and N.E.W is net explosive weight.
K=BOD * (N.E.W)^-3
39
What does K factor protect against?
Blast Overpressure
40
What are some personal protective measures you can take to mitigate blast and frag?
Observing safety standards
Frontal and overhead protection
Achieve minimum separation
PPE such as plates, helmets, glasses
41
What is frag orientation as a mitigation technique?
Orienting known rogue frag components away from safe area
42
What are Non-Engineered Stacked and Non-Design Modes of Initiation Mitigation
For stacks of Ammo/explosives or detonation of ordnance in a non-design mode of initiation +33% to MFD-H
43
What constitutes the use of Natural or Artificial Structures as a mitigation technique?
Use of land topography or robust existing structures for protection
44
What is Barricading and what are the barricade specifications?
Protects against high velocity, low angle fragments
Implement as close to the explosion site as possible
Height: Barricade will be one foot higher than the “line of sight line” created by drawing a line from the top of the AE stack to the top of the area needing protection
Length: The top of the barricade will be at least 36 inches wider than the AE stack or exposure site
Inspect barricade after each detonation
If the barricade is within two heights of the protected area, at least as high as and twice as wide as the protected area, the blast overpressure at the exposure site is reduced by approx. 50%
45
What are the Open Pit demolition specifications?
Pit should be 4x the stack height in depth
At the very least, no AE should be peeking over the top of the pit
46
Describe the sandbag mitigation technique
Used with ordnance sized 155mm and below (tested using the
Double layer minimum
6 inch standoff between ordnance and inside walls
Prepare a roof with a minimum ¾ in. thick piece of plywood that extends so that at least 6 inches rest on the sandbag walls
Ceiling height should be equal to wall thickness
Applicable to single item detonation
47
Describe the water frag mitigation technique
Similar to sandbag mitigation but with water
Requires ordnance to be in a pit 1 foot deep as a minimum
Using ¾ in. thick plywood or greater, stack plastic jugs or a kiddy pool on top
55 gallons of water are required for items < 0.42 lbs
155 gallons are required for items larger than 0.42 lbs but less than 2 lbs.
48
Describe the deep water control technique
Detonate the item under water if possible to catch frag and mitigate blast
49
What are the trenching specifications?
A trench dug between an item and a structure to interrupt ground shock from a buried munition
Must be 24 inches deeper than the foundation of the structure
At least 18 inches wide
50
What is venting?
Where a shaft is dug above UXO in order to cause blast pressure to travel upwards instead of through the ground
51
What is buttressing and what are the specifications?
A protective work that braces the walls of a basement near buried UXO.
Width: At least 10ft at the bottom, tapering up to 4-5ft at ground level
Buttress should not extend to the opposite wall
52
What does the taping of glass do? What can be used instead?
Prevents flying glass create by blast
Tarps and blankets can also be used
53
How many seconds should you time blasts apart to avoid coalescing blast waves? What else can you do to prevent coalescance?
1 second
Build a barrier
54
List and define the HERO categories
HERO Safe - Confirmed by either test or design analysis to be immune to EMR outlined in MIL-STD 464.
HERO Susceptible - Confirmed by either test or design analysis to be jeopardized by EMR outlined in MIL-STD 464.
HERO Unreliable - Items that have either…
Been confirmed by either test or design analysis to be HERO
Safe or Susceptible but, by process of damage or disassembly,
has exposed wiring that would jeopardize the performance of
the item.
Never been classified as HERO Safe or Susceptible but whose
performance is degraded by EMR.
HERO Unsafe - Items that have either…
Been confirmed by either test or design analysis to be HERO
Safe or Susceptible but, by process of damage or disassembly,
has exposed wiring, and whose inadvertent initiation or
detonation would cause an immediate catastrophic event.
Never been classified as HERO Safe or Susceptible but whose
inadvertent initiation or detonation would cause an immediate
catastrophic event.
55
What's the difference between Jet and EFP?
Jet - A “fluid-like” stream of plasma that results from the collapse of a conical detonation wave towards its center. The plasma is “squirted” away from the detonation wave at extremely high speeds (20 - 30 kfps). MUNROE EFFECT
EFP - An end plate (usually concave) accelerated by an explosion and formed into a solid projectile, propelled at high speeds, generally used as a penetrator. MISZNAY-SCHARDIN EFFECT.
56
List and discuss the ordnance wait times
Wait 30 mins after potential arming of a generic item with a pyrotechnic delay.
Re-wait the original wait time after the application of an
energetic tool to a fuze that contains a pyrotechnic delay.
Wait 30 mins after potential arming of an unknown powder train time fuze (PTTF).
Wait 30 mins before approaching a dud-fired grenade.
Wait 1 hour after potential arming of an unknown/unidentified UXO.
Wait at least 3 hours before approaching a possibly armed guided missile.
Wait at least 30 mins after all evidence of burning and smoldering has ceased from ammo/explosives (AE) that has been exposed to excessive heat or fire.
If the item has a wait time, that wait time should be observed
AFTER the 30 mins has expired.
57
What are the hazard class divisions (1.1-1.6)?
1.1 - Mass explosion
1.2 - Frag producing; non-mass explosion
1.3 - Mass fire, minor blast and/or frag; non-mass explosion
1.4 - Moderate fire, no significant blast/frag, non-mass explosion
1.5 - Very insensitive; mass explosion
1.6 - Extremely insensitive; non-mass explosion
58
What is the initial exclusion distance?
381m or 1250ft
59
How many caps can the medusa fire in series and parallel?
It is rated to 50 caps in series though theoretically capable of firing 123.
No more than 2 caps for parallel though theoretically it is 308 if it wasn’t limited by current output of the capacitor.
60
Explain a series and parallel circuit
Series - A circuit where either all of the caps go, or none of them do.
Parallel - A circuit where caps could detonate independently of each other i.e. one could fail and the other(s) will still go off.
61
How deep can you take M6/M7 caps?
M7 - 300ft if properly waterproofed.
Double crimp, ⅛ in. up and another turned 90 degrees and ⅛
in. above the first. Apply black magic as needed.
M6 - 112ft no longer than 4 hours
62
What commercial blasting cap is the M7 Comparable to?
No. 12
63
Name the different types of det cord and their tensile strengths
Reinforced Pliofilm - 160lbs - 42gpf -
Wirebound - 220lbs - 42gpf
Heavy Load - 210lbs - 100gpf or 200gpf
Light weight - 170lbs - 25gpf
64
Explain how to calculate NEW for DETA
NEW, DETA in grams = 1.19 x (Area in square inches) x C# (Nominal thickness in mm)
65
Propagation speed of NONEL and detcord?
NONEL - ~2000mps
Detcord - 6,500mps
66
What is the burn rate of time fuse?
40 +/- 4 seconds per foot
67
How much is cut for a test burn?
6ft (Army is 3ft, Air Force is 1 ft)
68
What is the minimum amount of M700 time fuse that we can use?
6ft in normal conditions
As long as needed to permit the person detonating the charge to reach safety at a normal walking speed
69
How far from explosives shall test burns be?
50ft
70
How far is cap build up from HE
50ft
71
What are the methods of attaching det cord to demolition blocks?
Sensitized det cord
Alt Method 1
Alt Method 2
Whipping Method
Common
72
What are the approved methods for attaching detcord to detcord?
Square knot
Modified girth hitch
M1 Clip
Blue Devil
Tape
73
What is taggant?
A chemical or physical marker added to an explosive to allow its detection by searching dogs or chemical/microscope methods to identify lot numbers.
74
How do you mitigate PIR when taking an xray?
Thumping
Copper Disk
Distance
75
What is CTP?
Common Timing Protocol
A system used to minimize fratricide that essentially pulses active jamming on and off on a protocol that won’t interfere with any electronic item on that protocol. Reactive jamming is ALWAY active however.
76
What is flywheel?
An internal clock used to maintain the Common Timing Protocol in the event GPS lock is lost
77
What does the bomb suit protect you from?
Blast (1.25lbs C-4 at 2ft)
Frag
Fire (>2s for suit / >25s for helmet afterflame and no flaming melt drip from a burner 1.5in from surface)
Head + Spinal Injury
78
What is V50 rating?
What sized projectiles are used in the test?
V50 is the velocity at which the probability of penetration of an armor material is 50 percent.
.22 cal - 1.1g
.30 cal - 2.9g
.50 cal - 13.4g
79
What are the components of an IED
Power Source
Initiator
Explosives
Switch
Container
80
What is the order of precedence for an IED call
Preservation of life
Preservation of property
Collection of evidence
Returning the situation to normal
81
What is a soak time?
Time an EOD operator waits before approaching an item
Primary soak time is the time before an initial approach and is based on order of battle for timed devices. Can be dispensed with if the situation is Cat A, the tactical situation demands it, or the item can be confirmed to not be a timed device.
Secondary soak time is observed after performing an EOD action and varies.
82
When does your soak time start? (For an IED call)
When the area has been secured
83
How do you determine soak time? When can you ignore it?
Based on order of battle for timed devices. Can be dispensed with if the situation is Cat A, the tactical situation demands it, or the item can be confirmed to not be a timed device.
84
What is considered a large IED?
1 cubic ft or at least 100lbs NEW
85
How can you enhance bottler disruption?
Use a 50/50 mix of salt and sand (similarly sized grains).
Build an array of multiple bottlers taped together.
86
What are the categories of EOD incidents?
Cat A - grave and immediate danger
Cat B - indirect thread
Cat C - minor thread
Cat D - no threat at present
87
What are the two main hazards associated with a detonation?
Blast overpressure
Fragmentation
88
When testing caps, how do you verify they are usable?
Test with an ohm meter (2 ohms)
Inspect for foreign matter inside of the cap (see yellow lead azide)
89
What parts of the body are most susceptible to blast?
Air filled spaces
Ears, Voice Box, Lungs, GI Tract
90
What are you quick cube roots? What is their purpose?
1 => 1
8 => 2
27 => 3
64 => 4
125 => 5
To quickly estimate BOD
91
Difference between dual priming and dual initiating?
A dual initiating system is made up of two independent firing systems connected to the same charge or charges. Used for clean up shots.
A dual priming system is two electric blasting caps with one firing lead connected to one source of power.
92
How much pull line do you carry on you and how much NEW can you pull with it?
400ft
512 lbs
93
List your misfire wait times
Electric - 30 mins
Nonelectric - 1 hour
Shock Tube - 30 mins
94
Broad IED categories and some examples of each
Victim Operated
-Pressure
-Pressure release
-Pull
-Tension-Release
-Anti-Tamper
-Anti-Move
-Prox/PIR
-Active Infrared
Timed
-Mechanical
-Electric
-Electro-Mechanical
-Material fatigue
-Electrochemical delay
-Chemical
RC
Command
95
Bottler facts
Used for circuit disruption and package opening/uncovering
Sizes, standoff, load, target - Bottler Mk2
1 Liter - 12in. - 200g, 150g, 100g - Steel, plastic, cardboard
.5 Liter - 12in. - 140g, 100g, 50g - Thin steel, plastic, cardboard
.25 Liter - 12in. - 100g, 50g, 50g - Thin steel, plastic, cardboard
Sizes, standoff, load, target - Bottler Lite
1 Liter - 12in. - 80g, 40g, 20g - Wood, plastic, cardboard
.5 Liter - 12in. - 40g, 20g, 10g - Wood, plastic, cardboard
.25 Liter - 4in. - 40g, 20g, 10g - Wood, plastic, cardboard
96
Stingray Facts
Full size (40oz)
-Loads - C-2, C-4, C-6, C-8
-Steel Penetration (in.) - 116, 18,316, 14
-Optimal standoff is 0.5in. (built into legs)
Tactical (12oz)
-Loads - C-2, C-4, C-6, C-8
-Steel Penetration (in.) - 116, 18,316, 14
-Built in standoff
Prime in with a deta booger on the end of detcord
97
Bootbanger Facts
Used to jettison items from the trunk of a vehicle.
Can be made with 13” x 16.5” of DETA or 85ft of Det Cord.
C1, C2, or C3 DETA loads are acceptable
50gpf det cord is ideal
Requires 14 Liters of water
98
MLVD Facts
MLVD - Modular VBIED Disruptor
20.5” x 6” sheet of DETA or 48ft of Det Cord
5.35 Liters of Water
Can be arranged in arrays and used to gain access to the sides of large vehicles or in the same manner as a bootbanger
Loads up to C6 are able to be used but for use under a vehicle, loads above C4 significantly increase the possibility of sympathetic detonation.
99
Hydraget Facts
Storage in sunlight or above 120o could cause distortion or warping of the hydra jet.
When using a laser designator, POI will be 3.5, 4.5, or 6 inches lower on 32, 64 and 128 oz hydrajets respectively.
Comes in sizes 32oz, 62oz, 128oz
Approved up to C3 loads
Ensure the gap between the charge holder and waterproofing plug is no more than 1/16th of an inch.
Standoff at least 6” or at least 8” for the 128oz model
100
MWB Facts
Mineral Water Bottle
Omnidirectional tool
Loaded with 4” of detcord or 6” of C-4
Comes in ½ Liter, 1.5 Liter, or 2.66 Liter
1”- 6” Standoff
101
Vulcan Facts
Takes 20g of C4
Can be primed directly or with sensitized det cord
Can be loaded with a…
-Copper EFP
For penetration and can be used at range.
-Copper EFP with sabot
For penetrating with increased accuracy and reduced collateral damage
-Magnesium EFP
For penetration and burning of thin cased munitions
-Aluminum EFP
Similar to copper but with less ricochet or long range hazard
-Copper Cone
For penetration of thick cased munitions.
-Magnesium Cone
For penetration and burning of thick cased munitions
-ABS Liquid Cones
For use in penetrating VERY thin steel, ejecting fuzes and disruption of submunitions.
102
Titan Facts
Rounds
-AVON (fragmenting)
-Popper Blank (Low velocity water shot for sensitive HE)
-Aluminum Slug (High velocity)
-TP-x-11 Titanium round (very fast, uses rifled barrel)
-Enhanced blank (Water shot)
-Ultra velocity slug (Penetrates ½ inch steel)
12.85, 18.85, and 24.85 inch configurations
Smooth bore and rifled barrel available
36” standoff minimum for solid projectiles to impact BEFORE gasses or to allow fast water to catch up and impact first
2”- 6” standoff allows slow water to impact first, decreasing penetration power but lowering the risk of shock detonating HE
Copper disk on back of rounds protects breach from primer venting
Fired with shock tube
350 ft hazard behind and 1300 ft in front of
103
CEIA Facts
Able to detect a VS50 firing pin at 33cm
Has 3 sensors
Sensor 1 - Low and High metallic targets
Sensor 2 - Carbon Rods, non-metallic conductors, short wire
Sensor 3 - Long wires 10m or longer
104
MF5 Facts
Detects high and low metal objects, non-metallic/carbon rods, and long wires
Tested on AP mines with less than 2.5g of metal buried up to 6”
Ideal sweeping is between 6” and 2’ above the ground at a speed of 1m/s
Has a high metallic and low metallic (IED) mode
Has 3 separate searching modes
Acquisition Mode
-Emits a ‘halo’ around the detector and detects while moving
Pinpoint Mode
-The outer edges of the detector head are sensitized and can be used to outline the target to determine shape and orientation. Head does not have to be moving to detect.
Interrogation Mode
-Interrogates the composition of the target, either Ferrous, non-ferrous, or carbon rod/fine wire
10 hour battery life
The MF5 showed no adverse reaction when operating near CREW
Outperforms CEIA in highly mineralized soil
105
Centaur Facts
164 lbs
8 hour run time
2.5 mph top speed
Range
800m LOS
150m Non-LOS
32 lbs lift capacity, 15 at full extension
Capable of dragging a body
6’ vertical reach
IR and Thermal Cameras
Compatible with JCAD, MultiRAE Pro, and FirstDefender RMX
106
SUGV Facts
30 lbs
6 hour run time
6.2 mph top speed
22 lbs lift capacity, 12 at full extension
IR camera
107
First Look Facts
6.6 lbs
6-8 hour runtime
Can survive a 16ft fall onto concrete
2.7 mph top speed
Able to mount 7” vertical obstacles
3.5lb lifting capability with optional arm
Can be used as a relay for UPoint compatible systems
108
XRS 3 Facts
Mk 32 Mod 4
Emits in a 40 degree cone
Duty Cycle
200 pulses every four minutes
3000 pulses per hour
109
XR150 Facts
Mk 32 Mod 5
Emits in a 40 degree cone
Duty Cycle
30 seconds rest for every 50 pulses
4 minutes rest for every 200 pulses
Max duty cycle is 300 pulses every 4 mins / 1500 counts per hour
110
EOD10 Suit Facts
Best protection is at the chest, facing the target
Protects against blast, frag, heat, and impacts
Reduces blast to head by 96% with 1.25lbs of C-4 detonated 2ft away
Air Conditioning runs on cooling packs and a blower system that is not included in our TOA
111
What is the worst case minimum S/A arming distance for 40mm grenade?
9ft
112
How many grenades can be disposed of together?
50 40mm
20 Hand grenades
113
What's the difference between a Primary, Alternate, and Secondary RSP?
Primary - Most tested/effective
Alternative - Equal in testing/effectiveness to primary
Secondary - An RSP that is inferior in effectiveness less tested than primary
114
Nomenclature and NALC for time fuze and C4
M112 C-4 Blocks - M023
M700 Time Fuze - M670
115
What is the M183 and what comes in it?
Satchel charge
-16 Blocks of C-4
-4 M15 priming assemblies (These are 5ft lengths of det cord with two M1 clips and two RDX boosters attached)
116
Different types of 663s, how many caps, can you mix them, how far from HE with caps inside?
4 types,
Mk663 Mod 0 V1 and V2 (Vent hole on top and bottom)
Mk663 Mod 1 V1 and V2 (Vent hole on top and bottom)
10
Yes
12 inches
117
What is the hazard class of caps stored in a 663?
1.4S
118
What is the worst case minimum S/A arming distance for 40mm
9ft
119
How many grenades can be disposed of together?
50 40mm
20 Hand grenades
120
What's the difference between a Primary, Alternate, and Secondary RSP
Primary - Most tested/effective
Alternative - Equal in testing/effectiveness to primary
Secondary - An RSP that is inferior in effectiveness less tested than primary
121
What 3 breach plugs does the .50 cal come with?
Standard, HERO Resistant, Shock tube
122
Define Critical Diameter
The minimum diameter in which a particular explosive compound will detonate reliably..
123
What is the burn pit dimension?
Clear a 300ft square
Remove all brush 200ft around each pad
Successive burns will be no less than 50ft from each other
124
What are the demo lightning ranges?
Within 10 miles, notify RSO
Within 5 cease all operations
125
How far will sandbags fly in the sandbag mitigation technique?
25-220 ft
126
What was the sandbag mitigation technique tested on?
A 155mm projectile
The M107
15.48 lbs NEW
127
How much shock tube do you cut upon first use?
How much shock tube do you cut upon a misfire?
6 inches
1 Foot
