Understanding the Environment Flashcards
The age of onset of joint attention seems to most directly refute which concept of infant perception proposed by Piaget?
A. Egocentrism
B. Formal operations
C. Animism
D. Conservation
A. Egocentrism
According to Piaget, infants at age 3 to 6 months are unable to understand the perspective of others, a concept termed egocentrism. If these infants can utilize joint attention, they are not quite as egocentric as Piaget’s staging would predict.
Joint attention is a social-communicative skill in which, typically, a child and an adult use gestures and gaze to share attention with respect to interesting objects, actions or events. This skill plays a critical role in social and language development.
Which of the following disorders would most likely manifest in impaired joint attention?
A. Anxiety
B. Conduct disorder
C. Autism
D. ADHD
C. Autism
In what way might a caretaker employ scaffolding to help a child learn to read?
A. Giving the child many books
B. Letting the child learn on their own
C. Helping the child sound out words he is struggling with
D. Reading aloud words with which he thinks the child will have difficulty
C. Helping the child sound out words he is struggling with
Scaffolding is challenging the child in developmentally appropriate ways, which would include helping them sound out words without giving the answer away
Which of the following is NOT a mediating variable in the relationship between joint attention ability and long-term psychopathology?
A. Social competence
B. Autism
C. Language development
D. Social learning ability
B. Autism
Joint attention ability deficits may be a symptom of autism, but autism does not mediate the relationship between joint attention ability and psychopathology.
Which of the following factors will increase the suggestibility of a comment made by an interviewer?
A. If the comment is vague enough to be made to fit into the true event
B. If the eyewitness is an adult, rather than a child
C. If the interviewer is of the same ethnicity as the eyewitness
D. If the interviewer is perceived to be an expert by the eyewitness
D. If the interviewer is perceived to be an expert by the eyewitness
Suggestibility refers to incorporating information learned after the event into the testimony about the event as if it actually occurred and is enhanced when the person asking the question is perceived as authoritative.
According to the data in Table 1:
A. the tested interview techniques definitely have no effect on the ratio of correct to incorrect fact recall.
B. the tested interview techniques significantly decrease the ratio of correct to incorrect fact recall.
C. the tested interview techniques significantly increase the ratio of correct to incorrect fact recall.
D. the tested interview techniques may increase the ratio of correct to incorrect fact recall.
D. the tested interview techniques may increase the ratio of correct to incorrect fact recall.
The table shows that the technique group recalled a higher number of correct story details. However, without statistical analysis, or more information on how many incorrect facts were recalled, we cannot state definitely that the technique does or does not change the ratio of correct to incorrect fact recall. Since the number of correct facts recalled was higher in the technique group, however, it is not unreasonable to conclude that it is possible that these techniques increased the ratio of correct to incorrect facts.
One of the study participants who is attempting to recall story details is also made to simultaneously listen to music. According to the resource model of attention:
A. she will be unable to successfully recall the story unless the music is turned off.
B. her appreciation of the music will be diminished if it is a type of music she dislikes.
C. her level of story recall will be much lower than if music had not been playing.
D. she will successfully carry out the story task if she can avoid task switching costs.
D. she will successfully carry out the story task if she can avoid task switching costs.
The resource model of attention asserts that people can pay attention to multiple stimuli if the brain has sufficient resources available and it does not shift resources to the unimportant task (i.e., the music). Task switching costs occur when performance on a task suffers due to the increased effort added in shifting attention.
What would be an argument for considering Pervasive Developmental Disorders along a continuum of severity?
A. Many disorders along the continuum have similar symptoms.
B. The etiology of the disorders is the same.
C. An individual can move from a more severe disorder to a less severe disorder.
D. An individual can move from a less severe disorder to a more severe disorder.
A. Many disorders along the continuum have similar symptoms.
The passage states that the disorders have similar symptoms, though of differing levels of severity. Having a continuum allows the disorders to be considered together.
According to the ideas of social functionalism, what is the most likely explanation of an autistic child’s repeated hand-clapping?
A. Neurological deficits lead to incorrect signaling of motor areas of the brain
B. The clapping allows him to focus on only one stimulus
C. The clapping is a response to a stimulus learned via operant conditioning
D. Repeated movements, of which hand-clapping is an example, are symptoms of autism
B. The clapping allows him to focus on only one stimulus
In social functionalism, behavior is explained in terms of the effect the behavior has. The effect repeated movements have in autism is to help the individual focus on one stimulus, instead of being overwhelmed by multiple stimuli.
Through therapy, when a person with Pervasive Developmental Disorder learns that another person with raised eyebrows and an open mouth is surprised rather than happy, what type of associative learning has taken place?
A. Generalization
B. Discrimination
C. Extinction
D. Acquisition
B. Discrimination
Learning that a specific facial expression means one feeling, rather than another, is an example of discrimination, the ability of an individual to tell apart differing stimuli.
A child is born into the ethnic majority in a society with multiple ethnic groups. Growing up, he hears his parents disparage some minority groups and praise others. As an adult, he expresses these same attitudes, which are held by most of the ethnic majority. Which of the following best describes the man’s attitudes?
A. The attitudes he developed were a result a secondary socialization because he took on the attitudes and beliefs of his larger society.
B. The attitudes he developed were a result of primary socialization because he took on the attitudes and beliefs of his parents as a young child.
C. As a member of the majority ethnicity, the attitudes he developed were a result of both socialization influences and genetic influences.
D. The attitudes he developed as a result of primary socialization were held strongly enough to persist in the face of opposing secondary socialization.
B. The attitudes he developed were a result of primary socialization because he took on the attitudes and beliefs of his parents as a young child.
Tito’s aunt is a soldier who lost her arm due to a battlefield injury visits her physician complaining of itching, tingling and burning sensations in the missing arm. Which disorder is she experiencing?
A. Hypochondriasis
B. Conversion disorder
C. Body dysmorphic disorder
D. Phantom limb pain
D. Phantom limb pain
