Prejudice and Socialization Flashcards
Which of the following is an example of a self-fulfilling prophecy?
A. Suzie believes that all people from New York are rude, and she avoids interacting with her New Yorker coworker because of this. The coworker notices Suzie’s avoidance and starts to act rudely toward her.
B. Ahn, an Asian American, thinks that her classmates expect that because she’s Asian, she should be extremely good at math. For this reason, she does not participate in class and thus does not learn as much as she should.
C. At his birthday party, George blows out the candles of his cake and wishes that he would get an “A” on his History exam. The next week he actually gets an “A.”
D. While studying for the MCAT, Jessie spends extra hours every evening practicing problems. She later obtains a very high score on the exam.
A. Suzie believes that all people from New York are rude, and she avoids interacting with her New Yorker coworker because of this. The coworker notices Suzie’s avoidance and starts to act rudely toward her.
A student wants to understand the influence of family on ADHD diagnosis. He interviews a large sample of 18-20-year-olds at his college and asks about the presence of parents during their childhoods. Additionally, he asks whether each student has ever been officially diagnosed with ADHD by a physician. The results of this survey are shown below.
Which of the following methods would most effectively increase the power of the study?
A. Including different types of family structures other than those listed (two mothers, step-parents, etc.)
B. Comparing the data to known diagnosis rates of other mental illnesses
C. Increasing the sample size of the study
D. Extending the research to investigate ADHD diagnosis across both family structure and ethnic groups
C. Increasing the sample size of the study
A student wants to understand the influence of family on ADHD diagnosis. He interviews a large sample of 18-20-year-olds at his college and asks about the presence of parents during their childhoods. Additionally, he asks whether each student has ever been officially diagnosed with ADHD by a physician. The results of this survey are shown below.
Assuming that the information in the graph is statistically significant, which conclusion could NOT be reached?
A. Young adults with a mother but no father may be more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than individuals with a father and no mother.
B. Family structure could play a role in the susceptibility of an individual to gaining an ADHD diagnosis.
C. Young adults with neither a mother nor a father may be more likely to seek medical treatment regarding ADHD.
D. Growing up in a family with neither a mother nor a father gives an individual a higher chance of developing a mental illness.
D. Growing up in a family with neither a mother nor a father gives an individual a higher chance of developing a mental illness.
How do the cognitive and emotional aspects of prejudice differ?
A. The cognitive aspect relates to the way that prejudice affects the brain, while the emotional aspect relates to behavior.
B. The cognitive aspect relates to social consciousness about prejudice, while the emotional aspect strictly applies to the individual.
C. The cognitive aspect relates to an unjustified belief about an individual or group, while the emotional aspect relates to the affective response to that belief.
D. The cognitive aspect relates to the theory of prejudice, while the emotional aspect relates to the actual manifestation of prejudice in society.
C. The cognitive aspect relates to an unjustified belief about an individual or group, while the emotional aspect relates to the affective response to that belief.
Mental illness is often given a strong social stigma. With regard to mental health, an example of self-stigma is:
A. media representations of mental illness that often portray patients as violent or dangerous.
B. employers, healthcare workers, and education professionals whose attitudes may diminish access to resources by mentally ill patients.
C. a family that shuns and disrespects members who have a psychological disorder.
D. a mentally ill person who avoids situations, refuses to engage with society, and denies the existence of her condition due to fear that society will reject and hate her.
D. a mentally ill person who avoids situations, refuses to engage with society, and denies the existence of her condition due to fear that society will reject and hate her.
Which of the following is NOT an example of discrimination?
A. A store refuses to hire Muslim employees because the owner wants to minimize the risk of a terrorist attack.
B. A landlord advertises an apartment for rent, but every time an African-American inquires about it, he tells them it was “just rented.”
C. A school fires a teacher after he comes out as gay.
D. A politician makes a speech depicting illegal immigrants as rapists and murderers.
D. A politician makes a speech depicting illegal immigrants as rapists and murderers.
As shown in the cases of SARS and avian flu, there is always a risk that a new epidemic might develop and begin killing people around the world. The response to such a disease would likely be slowest, however, if which of the following lifestyle factors contributed to its transmission?
A. Eating beef products
B. Promiscuous sexual activity
C. Living in a large city
D. Living in a rural area
B. Promiscuous sexual activity
What is the main distinction between prejudice and discrimination?
A. Prejudice must involve an action or differential treatment, while discrimination simply denotes a baseless and typically negative attitude.
B. Discrimination must involve an action or differential treatment, while prejudice simply denotes a baseless and typically negative attitude.
C. Discrimination is a baseless and typically negative attitude, while prejudice refers to oversimplified ideas about particular groups of people.
D. Prejudice is a baseless and typically negative attitude, while discrimination refers to oversimplified ideas about particular groups of people.
B. Discrimination must involve an action or differential treatment, while prejudice simply denotes a baseless and typically negative attitude.
Research has attempted to isolate the brain activation patterns that are linked to racial prejudice. Several studies have found that self-reported prejudice is linked to heightened feelings of fear and aggression when viewing pictures of stigmatized groups. This link may be explained by the activation of which brain structure?
A. The amygdala
B. The basal ganglia
C. The thalamus
D. The cerebellum
A. The amygdala
Which of the following are examples of institutional, as opposed to individual, discrimination?
I. Drawing school district boundaries to concentrate minority students in one district
II. A hiring manager at a large company who discourages his children from becoming romantically involved with people from other cultures
III. Black men receiving longer sentences for the same crimes as white men
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. I and III only
D. I, II, and III
C. I and III only
Which of the following are potential sanctions used to punish informal deviance?
I. Fines
II. Incarceration
III. Social stigmatization
IV. Social alienation
A. I and II only
B. III and IV only
C. I, III, and IV only
D. I, II, and III only
B. III and IV only
From a very young age, Sam was taught by his parents to hold the door open for people behind him. Initially, Sam’s parents would compliment him for his polite actions, using words like “good job, Sam!” As Sam grew older, he found that he was showered with pleasant “thank you’s” from individuals when he held the door open for them; this encouraged him to behave similarly in the future. Sam’s parents instilled:
A. a formal norm via positive punishment.
B. a formal norm via positive reinforcement.
C. a folkway via positive punishment.
D. a folkway via positive reinforcement.
D. a folkway via positive reinforcement.
All of the following examples are mechanisms of social control EXCEPT:
A. a college student being fined for speeding.
B. a toddler’s parents awarding him with a gold star for sharing his toys with his sister.
C. a girl beginning to paint as a form of emotional expression.
D. a boy being verbally abused by a teacher for writing poetry in a mathematics class during the Pink Floyd film “The Wall.”
C. a girl beginning to paint as a form of emotional expression.
Students at a football game spontaneously doing “the wave,” a new fan base for a boy band, or a group of rioters for educational rights are all examples of crowds. The spontaneous nature of these groups lead to collective behavior, which is characterized as:
A. very temporary and generally controlled by strong leaders.
B. short-lived in nature with no clear organization.
C. enduring and generally requiring the commitment of all members.
D. long-lived with a subsequent development of organization and leadership.
B. short-lived in nature with no clear organization.
The word “anomie” is derived from Greek, with “a-” meaning “without” and “nomos” referring to “law.” Since its initial popularization by nineteenth-century sociologist Emile Durkheim in his book Suicide, the word has been fine-tuned to represent a “derangement” of society. As described by Durkheim, all of the following are characteristics of anomie EXCEPT that:
A. it is a condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals.
B. it arises due to a mismatch in moral standards between an individual and society.
C. it causes a blatant disregard for the law to be perpetrated by individuals.
D. it may result in higher levels of suicide.
C. it causes a blatant disregard for the law to be perpetrated by individuals.
A young child eating dinner with his family hears his father say “yes, ma’am” to the waitress. The boy, thinking that this behavior is socially expected, answers yes-or-no questions with “ma’am” from then onward. This represents which type of socialization?
A. Primary socialization
B. Secondary socialization
C. Developmental socialization
D. Anticipatory socialization
A. Primary socialization
Political socialization is the study of the ways that individuals acquire their political cognitions, attitudes, and behaviors. All of the following are agents of political socialization EXCEPT:
A. gender.
B. religion and faith.
C. the media.
D. socioeconomic status.
D. socioeconomic status.
Sarah grew up in Canada, but recently spent a study-abroad year in South Africa. Upon returning to Canada, she experienced some difficulty adjusting to home. What is Sarah experiencing and why?
I. Reverse culture shock due to idealization of her Canadian home
II. Reverse culture shock due to her expectations that nothing had changed at home
III. Culture shock, since she had completely adapted to the new South African culture
IV. Culture shock due to her idealization of her South African experiences
A. I only
B. IV only
C. I and II only
D. I and IV only
C. I and II only
Transition shock, including culture shock, can be experienced by an individual who is in a state of disorientation created by an unfamiliar environment. Which of the following are symptoms of transition shock?
A. Concern over cleanliness
B. A glazed stare
C. Compulsive eating
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
A young girl is experiencing a crush for the first time. When she tells her friends, she says “I hope he likes me the way I like him.” Which type of self-concept development is this, and why?
A. Existential self; the young girl is realizing that she is a separate entity from others and thus can feel romantic emotion.
B. Existential self; the young girl is realizing that she is an object that other people may also perceive.
C. Categorical self; the young girl is realizing that she is a separate entity from others and thus can feel romantic emotion.
D. Categorical self; the young girl is realizing that she is an object that other people may also perceive.
D. Categorical self; the young girl is realizing that she is an object that other people may also perceive.
Jamy recently turned fifteen. Lately, she started watching a television series that shows the teenage main character being rude to his parents; in many episodes, he is celebrated by his peers as independent. Jamy has recently become short-tempered with her own parents and often snaps at them. The most feasible explanation for this scenario is that:
A. Jamy has not been influenced by the attitudes and behaviors of the teenager in the TV series.
B. Jamy has adopted the stereotyped attitudes and behaviors of the teenager in the TV series, but has not yet internalized them.
C. Jamy has adopted and internalized the stereotyped attitudes and behaviors of the teenager in the TV series.
D. no conclusion can be drawn from this limited amount of information.
C. Jamy has adopted and internalized the stereotyped attitudes and behaviors of the teenager in the TV series.
Helen is a fifteen-year-old girl. Recently, Helen has been experimenting with alternative clothes and hairstyles to express her unique personality – she even dyed her hair pink! Although her parents are not happy with all of her changes, they understand that she is experimenting with her self-presentation. What are potential motives for Helen’s behavior?
I. An instrumental motive: Helen desires to increase her self-esteem by feeling more confident about her appearance.
II. An expressive motive: Helen hopes to gain acceptance and respect from her friends with her new edgy look.
III. An expressive motive: Helen wants to redefine herself and express her unique personality.
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and III only
D. I, II, and III
C. I and III only
Which of the following are components of an individual’s self-image?
I. Physical description
II. Social roles
III. Existential self
IV. Permanent self
A. I and II only
B. III and IV only
C. I, II, and III only
D. I, III, and IV only
C. I, II, and III only
According to the United States census, which of the six ethnic and racial categories are people from the Middle East considered to fall under?
A. White American
B. Native American
C. Asian American
D. African American
A. White American
All of the following are correct about international migrants EXCEPT:
A. people who immigrate to new countries have to adapt to different cultures and social structures.
B. people who emigrate to new countries will often struggle and resist adapting.
C. people who immigrate to new countries have to adapt to the new language, if different from their native tongue.
D. people who emigrate from a home country may gradually lose their original identity and culture.
B. people who emigrate to new countries will often struggle and resist adapting.
Urbanization is the large-scale movement of people from rural areas to urban regions. Direct effects of urbanization include:
I. a rise in the prices of goods and services in cities.
II. the occurrence of urban “heat islands.”
III. a decrease in job opportunities in rural parts of the country.
A. I only
B. III only
C. I and II only
D. I, II, and III
C. I and II only
Which of these statements is FALSE regarding sexual orientation?
A. It is sometimes difficult to establish the sexual orientations of survey participants due to the nature of research questions.
B. The National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior includes demographic assessments relating to sexual orientation.
C. In the United States, California has the largest percentage of people who identify as LGBT
D. If one examined sexual orientation through a functionalist lens, one would consider the various marginalized groups and tensions involved.
D. If one examined sexual orientation through a functionalist lens, one would consider the various marginalized groups and tensions involved.
