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PMLS 2 > Understanding Phlebotomy > Flashcards

Understanding Phlebotomy Flashcards

1
Q

It is the process of collecting blood through vein by using incision or puncture method to draw blood for analysis or as part of THERAPEUTIC or DIAGNOSTIC measures under the physician’s request.

A

Phlebotomy

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2
Q

What does phlebos mean?

A

Vein

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3
Q

What dies temnien/tomos/tome mean?

A

To cut

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4
Q

Phlebotomy also called as

A

Venesection

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5
Q

Vena means

A

Vein

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6
Q

Sectio means

A

Cutting

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7
Q

In this age, crude tools were used to cut vessel and drain blood from the body.

A

Stone Age

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8
Q

Ancient Egyptians also practiced phlebotomy as form of “bloodletting”

A

1400 BC

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9
Q

In 1400 BC, what did they use to suck blood?

A

Leeches

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10
Q

What year did Hippocrates believed that a person’s health depends on the balance of the four humors?

A

460-377 BC

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11
Q

Earth corresponds to

A

blood and brain

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12
Q

Air corresponds to

A

phlegm and lungs

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13
Q

Fire corresponds to

A

black bile and spleen

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14
Q

Water corresponds to

A

Yellow bile ad gall bladder

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15
Q
  • It is the alternative medicine
  • application of special heated suction cups on the patient’s skin
A

cupping

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16
Q
  • known as Hirudotherapy
  • use leeches for bloodletting
  • used for microsurgical replantation
A

Leaching

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17
Q

Hirudin means

A

anticoagualant to prevent the blood to clot

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18
Q

for diagnosis and treatment using blood samples
for transfusion, to remove blood from donor, and
for removal of blood for polycythemia or therapeutic purposes

A

Main Goals of Phlebotomy

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19
Q

What is the two main methods of phlebotomy

A

Venipuncture and Capillary puncture

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20
Q

Is the method of collection of blood through the vein of arm, back of the hands, or foot using a needle

A

venipuncture

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21
Q

Blood is collected by puncturing the skin using a lancet

A

capillary puncture

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22
Q

The ff is the

  1. Good manual dexterity
  2. Thorough knowledge of laboratory specimen requirements
  3. Special communication skills
  4. Training in phlebotomy skills
  5. Good organizational skills
A

Traits that form the Professional Image of the Phlebotomists

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23
Q

What are the need credentials of phlebotomist to practice?

A
  • Certification or license
  • Continuing education
  • Trainings and seminars
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24
Q
  • Reassuring and pleasant
  • Good communication with patients
  • Maintain positive customer relations
  • Understand patient’s diversity
A

Patient-Client Interaction

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25
Q
  • conservative clothing
  • observe proper personal hygiene
A

Professional appearance

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26
Q
  • decisions and judgements to patients and fellow co-workers
A

Self confidence

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27
Q

is a personal feeling of “wholeness” derived from honesty and consistency of character

A

. Integrity

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28
Q
  • means being sensitive to a person’s needs and willing to offer reassurance in a caring and
    humane way.
A

Compassion

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29
Q
  • takes initiative to follow through on tasks
  • consistently strives to improve and correct behavior
  • makes every effort to provide excellence in all aspects of patient care
A

Self-motivation

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30
Q
  • observe proper work ethic
  • take personal responsibility for their actions
A

Dependability

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31
Q
  • is a system of moral principles or standards that govern conduct and the distinction between
    right and wrong.
  • code of ethics
  • PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: to safeguard the patient’s welfare
  • to avoid harming the patient in any way
A

. Ethical behavior

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32
Q
  • takes initiative to follow through on tasks
  • consistently strives to improve and correct behavior
  • makes every effort to provide excellence in all aspects of patient care
A

Self-motivation

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33
Q
  • observe proper work ethic
  • take personal responsibility for their actions
A

Dependability

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34
Q

Basic Concepts of Communication in the Healthcare Setting are:

A

verbal, non-verbal communication and active listining

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35
Q

type of communication, expressing ideas through words

A

Verbal Communication

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36
Q

type of communication,

  • patient’s facial expressions and
  • kinesics - body motion and language
  • proxemics - individual’s concept and use of space
  • appearance - attire
  • touch - thoughtful expression
A

Non-verbal communication

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37
Q

Two types of the Healthcare Setting

A

inpatient and outpatient

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38
Q

Inpatients means

A

non-ambulatory

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39
Q

Outpatient means

A

ambulatory

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40
Q

level of healthcare

health units in rural areas and sub-units

A

primary

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40
Q

level of healthcare

non-departmentalized hospitals

A

secondary

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41
Q

level of healthcare,

– medical centers and large hospitals

A

tertiary

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42
Q

medical care given to patients requiring care of follow up checkups after their discharge from the hospital

A

Ambulatory care

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43
Q

done in a patient’s home or in a long-term facility

A

Homebound care

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44
Q

unit at the local level but are still under the jurisdiction of the health department of the government

A

Public Health Services

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45
Q
  • With permanent inpatient beds
  • 24-hour nursing service
  • Managed by organized medical team
A

Hospital

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46
Q

2 major divisions of hospital

A
  • Clinical analysis area
  • Anatomical and Surgical Pathology area
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47
Q

This section is intended for the testing of blood and other body fluids to quantify essential soluble chemicals including waste products useful for the diagnosis of certain diseases.
▪ analyzes serum and plasma for chemical constituents to evaluate general health and disorders of body systems and organs

A

Clinical Chemistry

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48
Q

for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus

A

fasting blood sugar or FBS and Glycosylated Hemoglobin

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49
Q
  • High- and Low-Density Lipoprotein
  • Triglycerides
  • For the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases
A

Total Cholesterol

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50
Q

Elevated levels indicate kidney disorders or gout

A

Blood uric acid

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51
Q

Elevated levels indicate kidney disorders

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen

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52
Q

Elevated levels indicate kidney disorders

A

Creatinine

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53
Q

Elevated levels indicate liver disorders

A

Aspartate aminotransferase

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54
Q

Elevated levels indicate bone or liver_ disorders

A

Alkaline phosphatase

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55
Q

Elevated levels indicate liver or hemolytic disorders

A

bilirubin

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56
Q

Elevated levels indicate early liver disorders

A

gamma-glutamytransferase (GGT)

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57
Q
  • Elevated levels indicate myocardial infarction or lung or liver disorders
A

lactic dehydrogenase

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58
Q

Elevated level indicate pacreatitis

A

amylase and lipase

59
Q

Evaluate body fluid balance

A

electrolytes (Na, K, Cl, CO2)

60
Q

– levels of the BNP hormone in the blood which could indicate
congestive heart failure

A

B-type natriuretic Peptide (BNP) test

61
Q

monitors therapeutic range to avoid toxic levels for drugs

A

drug analysis

62
Q

– used to check liver and kidney disorders

A

total protein

63
Q

– used for early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction

A

troponin 1

64
Q

This section is subdivided into four sections:
* Bacteriology
* Mycobacteriology
* Mycology and Virology
* Focused on the identification of bacteria and fungi on specimens received.
* Most samples are obtained from the blood, urine, throat, sputum, genitourinary tract, wounds,
cerebrospinal fluid, and feces

A

Microbiology

65
Q

Detect microbial infection and determines antibiotic treatment

A

culture and sensitivity

66
Q

Detects bacteria and fungi in blood

A

blood culture

67
Q

Detects the presence of and determines the type of fungi

A

fungal culture

68
Q

Detects the presence of and aids in the identification of bacteria.

A

gram stain

69
Q

This section deals with the enumeration of cells in the blood and other body fluids (e.g., CSF,
pleural fluid, etc.)
* Coagulation studies focus on blood testing for the determination of various coagulation factors

A

Hematology and Coagulation studies

70
Q
  • Is the most common type of test performed in the Hematology section
  • Screening test to assess patient conditions such as infections and malignancy
A

Complete Blood Count

71
Q

Determines the percentage of the different types of WBC and evaluates RBC and platelet morphology

A

differential

72
Q

Determines the volume of RBC packed by CENTRIFUGATION

A

hematocrit

73
Q

Determines the OXYGEN-carrying capacity of RBC

A

hemoglobin

74
Q

Determines the amount of hemoglobin in RBC

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin

75
Q

Determines the weight of hemoglobin in RBC and compares it with the size of the cell

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

76
Q

Determines the size of RBC

A

mean corpuscular volume

77
Q

Determines the number of RBC in circulating blood

A

red blood cell count

78
Q

Calculation to determine the differences in the

A

red blood cell distribution width

79
Q

Determines the number of WBC in circulating blood

A

white blood cell count

80
Q
  • Determines the number and type of cells in bone marrow
    ▪ Hematology and Coagulation studies
A

body fluid analysis

81
Q

Determines the number and type of cells in bone marrow

A

bone marrow

82
Q

Determines the rate of RBC sedimentation

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

83
Q

Evaluates bone marrow production of RBC

A

reticulocytes count

84
Q

Screening test for sickle cell anemia

A

sickle cell

85
Q

increased of the neutrophils will lead to:

A

bacterial infection

86
Q

increased of the ff will lead to: lymphocytes =

A

viral infection

87
Q

increased of the ff will lead to: monocytes=

A

viral infection or chronic inflammation

88
Q

increased of the ff will lead to: eosinophil =

A

allergy and parasitic infection

89
Q

increased of the ff will lead to: basophil =

A

= allergic reactions

90
Q
  • In this area, the overall process of Hemostasis (stoppage of blood flow from a damaged blood vessel) is evaluated; this includes platelets, blood vessels, coagulation factors, fibrinolysis, inhibitors and anticoagulant therapy
  • Plasma from a sample drawn in tube with light blue stopper that contains the anticoagulant sodium citrate
A

Coagulation Section

91
Q

Evaluates the intrinsic system of coagulation cascade and monitors heparin therapy

A

activated partial thrombosplatin time

92
Q

Screening test for increased clotting tendencies

A

antithromblin III

93
Q
  • Evaluate the function of platelets
A

bleeding time

94
Q
  • Measures abnormal blood clotting and fibrinolysis
    ▪ Hematology and Coagulation studies
A

D-dimer

95
Q
  • Detect factor deficiencies that prolong coagulation
A

Factor Assays

96
Q

Test for increased fibrinolysis

A

Fibrin degradation products

97
Q

Determines the amount of fibrinogen in plasma

A

Fibrinogen

98
Q

Evaluates the function of platelets

A

Platelet aggregation

99
Q

Evaluates the extrinsic system of coagulation cascade and monitors Coumadin therapy

A

Prothrombin time and international normalized ratio

100
Q

Determines if adequate fibrinogen is present for normal coagulation

A

Thrombin time

101
Q

This section comprise two areas
* Urine analysis and other body fluids
* Examination of stool or routine fecalysis
* Urinalysis is the routine screening procedure to detect disorders and infections of the kidney
and to detect metabolic disorder such as diabetes mellitus and liver disease.
* Consists of physical, chemical, and microscopic examination in urine

A

Clinical Microscopy

102
Q
  • detects blood, bilirubin and other pigments
  • Depends on hydration status
  • Normal color of urine = yellow
A

color

103
Q

Detects cellular and crystalline elements

A

Appearance

104
Q

Measures the concentration of urine

A

Specific gravity

105
Q

Determines the acidity of urine

A

ph

106
Q

Elevated levels indicate kidney disorders

A

Protein

107
Q

Elevated levels indicate diabetes mellitus

A

Glucose

108
Q

Detects red blood cells or hemoglobin

A

. Blood -

109
Q

Elevated levels indicate liver disorders

A

Bilirubin

110
Q

Elevated levels indicate liver or hemolytic disorder

A

Urobilinogen

111
Q

Detects bacterial infection

A

Nitrite

112
Q

Detects WBC and indicates urinary tract infection or UTI if there is a lot of neutrophils

A

Leukocyte esterase

113
Q

determines the number and type of cellular elements

A

Microscopic

114
Q

blood typing and compatibility test are the two main activities performed in this section.

Screening for all antibodies and identification of antibodies as well as blood components used for transfusion are also conducted.
* Blood bank samples are collected in plain red, lavender, or pink stopper plasma.

A

Immunohematology/Blood Banking

115
Q

ABO and Rh typing

A

Group and Type

116
Q

Detects abnormal antibodies in serum

A

Antibody screen

117
Q

Detects abnormal antibodies on RBCs

A
  1. Direct antihuman globulin test or direct Coombs
118
Q

Identifies abnormal antibodies in serum

A

Panel

119
Q

ABO, Rh typing, and compatibility test

A

. Type and crossmatch

120
Q

ABO, Rh typing, and compatibility test

A

Type and screen

121
Q
  • Performs tests to evaluate the body’s immune response; that is, the production of antibodies and cellular activation
  • Analyses of serum antibodies in certain infectious agents (primarily viral agents) are performed in this section bacterial infection and indicates urinary tract infection or UTI if there is a lot of neutrophils cellular elements blood typing compatibility test
    antibodies serum antibodies
  • Hepatitis B profile tests, serological test for syphilis, and tests for hepatitis C and dengue fever
    are some examples of antibody screening tests
  • Blood for this section is collected with red stoppers
A

Immunology/Serology

122
Q

Screening test for _human immunodeficiency virus

A

Anti-HIV

123
Q

Hormone found in the urine and serum during pregnancy

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

123
Q

Elevated levels indicate inflammatory disorders

A

C-reactive protein (CRP)

124
Q

Detects cytomegalovirus infection

A

Cytomegalovirus antibody (CMV)

125
Q

Detects hepatitis A current or past infection

A

hepatitis A

126
Q

Detects hepatitis B current or past infection

A

hepatitis B

127
Q

Detects hepatitis C current or past infection

A

hepatitis C

128
Q

Evaluate the function of immune system

A

. Immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, IgM) levels

129
Q

screening test for syphilis

A

Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) and Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR)

130
Q

stands for short turnaround time

A

STAT

131
Q

STAT means

A

Immediately

132
Q

Usually located near the emergency room of some tertiary-care facilities

A

STAT Laboratory

133
Q

Is a large and independent laboratory

A

Reference laboratory

134
Q

Provides specialized and confirmatory laboratory tests for blood, urine, and tissues

FAST turnaround time

A

Reference Laboratory

135
Q

Phlebotomy came from the greek words, phlebos which means vein and ________ which means to cut

A

temnein or tomos

136
Q

. Cupping and leeching during the 17th century were performed using ________ and fleams.

A

Lancet

137
Q

The main goals of phlebotomy practice are ________________ and treatment, transfusion and removal of blood for therapeutic purposes.

A

Diagnosis

138
Q

The credentials of the phlebotomist are certification, _____________, and continuing education.

A

Licensure

139
Q

. Area in the laboratory where microscopic structure of tissues are performed.

A

Anatomical and surgical pathology

140
Q

This urine reagent strip parameter indicates patient with urinary tract infection

A

Leukocyte esterase

141
Q

Reference laboratory for hematology

A

NKTI

142
Q

Lipase is laboratory test that is performed in what section in the clinical laboratory?

A

Clinical Chemistry

143
Q

. What section in the clinical laboratory does rapid plasma reagin is performed?

A

Immunology and Serology

144
Q

Required fasting hours for fasting blood sugar

A

8-10 hours

PMLS 2 (5 decks)

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