The Circulatory System Flashcards
transports the oxygenated blood from the heart and
lungs all throughout the body thru the arteries, and then
the oxygen depleted blood is returned to its origin thru
the help of the veins.
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- helps in the coagulation process, regulates the body
temperature and assists the body in fighting diseases.
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
two main components: the Cardiovascular system and
the Lymphatic system.
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
hollow muscular organ
HEART
four chambers of heart
(left atrium, right atrium, left ventricles,
and right ventricles)
surrounded by pericardium (thin, fluid-filled sac)
HEART
- about the same size as of a man’s clenched fist
- Less than 1 lb. (250 to 350 grams)
HEART
thin, watery membrane in the outer
layer of the heart.
Function: covers the heart and attached to the
pericardium.
. Epicardium
thick layer of cardiac muscles in the
middle layer of the heart.
Function: pumps blood to the arteries by contracting.
. Myocardium
thin layer of epithelial cells in the
inner layer of the heart.
Function: lines the valves and interior chambers.
Endocardium
- upper right chamber
Function: Receives deoxygenated
body.
.Right Atrium
ower right chamber
Function: Receives the blood from the right atrium
and pumps into pulmonary artery
Right Ventricle
upper left chamber
Function: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
and pumps it into the left ventricle.
left atrium
- lower left chamber
Function: Receives blood from the left atrium and
pumps it into the aorta.
Left Ventricle
tricuspid valve which is located
between the right atrium and right ventricle.
Function: Closes as the right ventricles contracts
preventing blood from flowing back to the right atrium.
- Right AV valve
bicuspid or mitral valve which is located
between the left atrium and left ventricle.
Function: Closes as the left ventricles contracts
preventing blood from flowing back to the left atrium.
Left AV valve -
pulmonary or pulmonic valve
located at the entrance of the pulmonary artery.
Function: Closes when the right ventricle relaxes
preventing blood from flowing back to the right
ventricle.
- Right semilunar valve
aortic valve located at the
entrance of the aorta.
Function: Closes when the left ventricle relaxes
preventing blood from flowing back to the left ventricle.
. Left semilunar valve
partition that separates the right
from the left atria.
Interatrial septum -
separates the right and the
left ventricles.
. Interventicular septum
Systole (contraction) & diastole (relaxation) which lasts about 0.8
seconds
Cardiac Cycle
Sends electric impulses throughout the myocardium which is
initiated by the Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)
Electrical conduction system
Provides the graphical representation of the cardiac cycle’s activity
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
“lubb” which is the first sound as the ventricles contract or the AV
valves close and “dupp” or the second sound which is heard when
the semilunar valves close and the ventricles relax.
Origin of heart sounds
The average heart rate is 72 beats per minute (bpm) and the cardiac
output refers to the volume of blood pumped per minute
Heart rate & cardiac output
A rhythmic throbbing resulting from the alternating expansion and
contraction of the artery
Pulse
The force which was exerted by the blood on the walls of the vessel
which is measured by the sphygmomanometer. The blood pressure is
the difference between the systolic (pressure during contraction) and
diastolic (pressure during relaxation).
Blood pressure
- chest pain resulting from reduced
blood flow to the heart.
Angina pectoris
a murmur sound produced when
the aortic leaflets fail to fully open during systole.
Aortic stenosis
an infection that happens
when a bacteria enters and resides in the heart
lining or blood vessel.
Bacterial endocarditis
an infection that happens
when a bacteria enters and resides in the heart
lining or blood vessel.
Bacterial endocarditis
results to general feeling or
weakness due to insufficient blood being pumped by the heart.
Congestive heart failure -
known as heart attack due to decrease or
full stoppage of blood flow that damages the heart muscle
Myocardial infarction
- inflammation of the pericardial sac that maybe
due to viral infection
Pericarditis
the loop which consists of a system
of blood vessels through which blood is circulated to the
rest of the body.
Vascular System
wo divisions of Vascular System
(1) pulmonary circulation and
(2) systemic circulation
thick-walled blood vessels that carry oxygenrich blood from the heart to the tissues of the body
Arteries -
a small-diameter blood vessel that branches
out from the arteries and leads to the capillaries.
Arterioles
tubes with thin walls that carry deoxygenated
blood from tissues to the heart.
Veins -
a very small vein that collects blood from the
capillaries.
Venules -
fine hair-like blood vessels that connect
arterioles and veins.
Capillaries -
(outer connective tissue),
- tunica adventitia
(middle, muscle and elastic fiber)
tunica media
(inner, endothelial cells)
tunica intima
Blood vessel structure
layers
lumen
valves
- Oxygen-poor blood is returned to the heart thru the superior and
inferior venae cavae and it enters the right atrium of the heart. - The right atrium contracts, pushing blood through the tricuspid valve,
and into the right ventricle. - The contraction on the right ventricle forces the blood to the
pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery. - It flows through the pulmonary artery to the capillaries of the lungs.
- Oxygen-rich blood flows back to the heart thru the pulmonary veins
and enters the left atrium. - The left atrium contracts forcing the blood in the bicuspid valve into
the left ventricle.
THE FLOW OF BLOOD (
an enlargement of
weakening of the artery wall.
Aneurysm
- hardening of the artery wall due to aging.
. Arteriosclerosis-
formation of plaques in the inner walls.
Atherosclerosis
clot or bubble which causes obstruction of an
artery.
Embolism
obstruction that is carried and lodged in a vessel.
Embolus-
swollen veins in the area of the anus.
Hemorrhoids
inflammation of the veins particularly the wall.
. Phlebitis
swelling of the veins of the legs that
usually occurs during pregnancy.
Thrombophlebitis-
- blood clot that impedes blood flow.
Thrombus
usually found in the legs, these are veins that
have been twisted and have enlarged.
Varicose Veins
D-Dimer
Fibrin degradation products (FDP)
Lipoproteins
Triglycerides
Prothombin time (PT)
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT/APTT)
Diagnostic Test of the vascular system
is the red fluid that is transported throughout
the body through the circulatory system.
blood
- Composed of plasma and other formed elements.
- Contains gases (02
, CO2
, N), minerals (Na, K, Ca, Mg), carbs & lipids,
proteins, etc.
HUMAN BLOOD
a clear, straw-colored liquid portion of the blood which is 90% water
Plasma
(red blood cells
Erythrocytes
(white blood cells)
Leukocytes
(platelets
Thrombocytes
The human blood type is inherited and determined by
the antigens on the surface of the red blood cells.
* The blood contains or can develop antibodies directed
at the opposite blood type.
* Blood type match is important especially during blood
transfusion because the wrong type could agglutinate
the red blood cells. When a doctor mentions blood
type, he is referring to your or ABO system or Rhesus
(RH) factor.
Blood type
System of classifying human blood by the
presence of antigens A and B and based on the
antigenic components found on the surface of
the red blood cells.
* Patient’s blood could be classified as A, B, O, or
AB (universal patients).
ABO blood group system
a can receive blood from
a, o
b can receive blood from
b, o
ab can receive bloof from
a, b,ab, o
o can receive blood from
o
There are three blood specimen that are collected for testing
purposes:
- Serum
- Plasma
- The whole blood
percent of the following:
plasma
buffy coat (white bloodc ells and platelets)
red blood cells
55
<1
45
caused by not having enough healthy red blood
cells or hemoglobin.
Anemia
- cancer of the blood forming tissues like the bone
marrow or the lymphatic system.
Leukemia -
- increase of the number of white blood cells in
the blood due to illness or infection.
Leukocytosis
reduced number of white cells in the blood.
. Leukopenia
the marrow produces too many red blood
cells resulting to blood thickening
Polycythemia
the body produces too many platelets
(thrombocytes) which affects the blood clotting.
Thrombocytosis
characterized by low platelet count.
Thrombocytopenia
is a network of tissues and
organs that is responsible for the removal of toxins and waste in the
body. The main function is to transport the white blood cells to
and from the lymph nodes throughout the body.
ymphatic system
is composed of fluids or lymph which is
similar to plasma but is composed of 95% water.
Lymphatic System
is transported throughout the system thru the
lymphatic vessels, ducts and masses of lymph tissue called nodes
e lymph
inflammation of lymphatic channels resulting from an
infection at a site distal to the channel.
Lymphangitis
refers to the inflammation of the lymph node
Lymphadenitis
also called adenopathy, a disease where there is
abnormality in the size or number of lymph nodes.
Lymphadenopathy -
enlargement of the spleen
Splenomegaly
cancer on the part of the immune system characterized
by enlarged lymph nodes.
Hodgkin’s disease
a type of cancer that develops from lymphocytes.
Lymphosarcoma -
cancer that begins with the lymphocytes.
Lymphoma -
is the stoppage of bleeding as a response to an injury.
There are four interrelated responses:
1. Vasoconstriction
2. Formation of the primary platelet plug
3. Progression to the stable blood clot
4. Fibrinolysis or dissolving of clo
Hemostasis
is the process where the
blood changes from a liquid form into a gel that forms the
blood clot.
There are three types:
1. Enzyme precursors,
2. Cofactors, and
3. Substrates
Pathways of the clotting cascade:
1. Extrinsic pathway
2. Intrinsic pathway
Coagulation or clotting
is an enzyme that plays an important role
in coagulation.
* It amplifies coagulation and converts fibrinogen to
soluble fibrin.
* This supports the platelet plug formation by
activating factor XIII to cross-link fibrin and also
controls the formation & coagulation process by
activating protein C.
Thrombin
s is the process where the fibrin is dissolved.
* Plasminogen and plasmin
Fibrinolysis i
is to synthesize coagulation factors
such as V, VIII, prothrombin, & fibrogen.
liver’s role in the hemostasis
It is also responsible for the production of bile salts needed for vitamin K
absorption.
liver
happens when blood clot forms in one or
more deep veins, usually in the legs.
Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
when the formation of small clots
blocks the small blood vessels.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation -
disorder involving lack of sufficient blood-clotting proteins.
Hemophilia
low platelet count
Thrombocytopenia
also called the elbow pit is a triangular area on the anterior of the elbow.
* the first-choice for venipuncture site because there are several major arm
veins called antecubital veins which are close to the surface which makes
it easy to locate and penetrate.
Antecubital fossa
a vein arrangement that occurs in about 70%
of the population.
H-Shaped antecubital veins -
used only if the antecubital veins are not
accessible. The veins at the back of the hand which can be used are
smaller, so it may be very painful. Take note that the underside of the wrist
is never used as a venipuncture site
Other arm and hand veins
must not be used in venipuncture with the
permission of a physician due to complications such as thrombosis.
Leg, ankle and foot veins
not used for routine blood collection and limited to collection of
arterial blood gas Special training is needed and it is more risky for the
patient
Arteries
