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midterm 2 > Understanding Infection > Flashcards

Understanding Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Understanding infection
________-microscopic life form
_______ can be beneficial, harmful or neither

A

microbes

microbes

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2
Q

Understanding infection

_________-the name given to disease-causing organisms.

A

Pathogens

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3
Q

Understanding infection

Pathogens are _________ and need to live in or on a ____-the infected person

A

microscopic

host

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4
Q

________: disease-causing organism, sometimes known as the agents of infections.

A

Pathogens

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5
Q

Pathogens are sometimes known as the _____ of infections.

A

agents

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6
Q

The pathogen needs a ______-a biological or physical vehicle that carries the pathogen to the host

A

vector

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7
Q

Pathogens-the name given to disease-causing organisms
Pathogens are microscopic and need to live in or on a host-the infected person
The pathogen needs a vector-a biological or physical vehicle that carries the pathogen to the host
This combination is called the infection ________.

A

triangle

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8
Q

_______:These are the tiniest pathogens.

A

Viruses

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9
Q

Viruses

These are the tiniest pathogens whose form is extremely simple–____ or ____ enveloped in a coat of protein.

A

DNA,RNA

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10
Q

Viruses
These are the tiniest pathogens whose form is extremely simple–DNA or RNA enveloped in a coat of protein
They depend on the ____ to replicate (make copies of) themselves inside the ____ cell from which the copies are released to infect other cells.

A

host,host

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11
Q

Note: some viruses release ____, others release ____into the host cells.

A

DNA, RNA

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12
Q

How a virus works

  1. ) The virus enters the cell body releasing ___/___
  2. ) Virus ___/___ invades the cell nucleus and takes over.
  3. ) Viral ___/___ uses the host cell to create new ___/___ and assemble more viral particles.
  4. ) New viral particles are released, sometimes destroying the process.
A
  1. ) DNA/RNA
  2. ) DNA/RNA
  3. ) DNA/RNA, DNA/RNA
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13
Q

_______ sometimes cause the infected cell to die

In other cases, the infected cell lives, but its functions are altered in some way

A

Viruses

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14
Q

Viruses have specific ____ they infect and can be transmitted in droplets from coughs, in food, water, insect bites

A

hosts

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15
Q

Since viruses live within the ____ cells, it is difficult to destroy the virus without harming the ____ cell.

A

host’s, host

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16
Q

_______ drugs disrupt the viral duplication process but may not completely eradicate the infection

A

Antiviral

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17
Q

_______ are simple one-celled organisms

A

Bacteria

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18
Q

________ have the capacity to replicate (make copies of themselves)

A

Bacteria

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19
Q

Most ________ are not pathogenic-some play useful roles in digestion or in food production, for example

A

bacteria

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20
Q

Bacteria that harm the body do so by releasing either _______ that digest body cells or _____ that produce the specific effects of such diseases as diphtheria.

A

enzyme, toxins

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21
Q

The body will produce ________ to bacterial infection since the bacteria are recognized as foreign cells

A

antibodies

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22
Q

________ can kill bacteria without harming the host cell, although there can be side-effects.

A

Antibiotics

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23
Q

Overuse or poor use of antibiotics can lead to ________ ________.

A

bacterial resistance

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24
Q

_____:These can be single-celled or multi-celled organisms that reproduce by spores or by growing fibres that can spread

A

Fungi

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25
Q

_______ infections often, but not always, occur on hair-covered parts of the body.

A

Fungal

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26
Q

Fungi are useful since they make some ________, also work in making bread rise and in brewing beer

A

antibiotics

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27
Q

Protozoa

Protozoa are more common in the developing world due to ___________ ______.

A

contaminated water

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28
Q

________:They destroy cells or alter cell functions due to toxins they release

A

Protozoa

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29
Q

_______ is caused by protozoan but is spread by insects

A

Malaria

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30
Q

Helminths is also know as ________ _____.

A

Parasitic Worms

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31
Q

Helminths

Parasitic worms attack and compete with the host for ________.

A

nutrition

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32
Q

Helminths can be contracted from eating improperly cooked _____ or _____.

A

meats, fish

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33
Q

_____ Contact

Disease organism is spread by human contact or through sexual contact.

A

Direct

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34
Q

______ Contact

Disease organisms by touching an object with the organism

A

Indirect

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35
Q

______ Contact

Transmitted through the air in droplets from a sneeze, cough or from talking

A

Droplet

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36
Q

_______ _________

Organism is suspended in the air and is breathed into the respiratory tract

A

Airborne Transmission

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37
Q

________ _____ _________

Inadequately cleaned eating utensils or medical equipment

A

Common vehicle transmission

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38
Q

How do you catch an infection? (VECTORS)
_______/______
Some diseases depend on an animal or insect vector for transmission
Other diseases may use both animal and insect vectors

A

Animals/Insects

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39
Q

How do you catch an infection? (VECTORS)
______
Through the air, by touch, sexual contact
Also, dishes, utensils improperly washed

A

People

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40
Q

How do you catch an infection? (VECTORS)
_____
Spread by ingestion of improperly prepared or stored _____

A

Food, food

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41
Q

How do you catch an infection? (VECTORS)
_____
Usually as a result of poor _____ purification methods.

A

Water, water

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42
Q

______ is your body’s method for protecting itself from diseases in various ways

A

Immunity

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43
Q

Protection from infection

The ____ acts as a barrier to most infectious agents.

A

Skin

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44
Q

Protection from infection
Immunity is your body’s method for protecting itself from diseases in various ways
____ and ______ membranes

A

Skin, mucous

45
Q

Protection from infection

Mucous, tears, saliva, skin oils, contain chemicals that can kill ______.

A

bacteria

46
Q

Protection from infection

____ lining respiratory tract protects against air-borne pathogens

A

Cilia

47
Q

Immune response to infection

_____ _____ store some of these protective cells and are the site of destruction of antigens

A

Lymph nodes

48
Q

Protection from infection
Immune system
The immune system includes the _______ system, ______, ______ gland, _______ vessels, removes impurities

A

lymphatic, spleen, thymus, lymph,

49
Q

Protection from infection

Various types of ____ blood cells patrol the lymphatic system and blood system to find and destroy invaders

A

white

50
Q

Protection from infection

______ immunity-protection refers to the protection provided by antibodies.

A

Humoral

51
Q

Protection from infection

________ are produced after exposure to an antigen.

A

Antibodies

52
Q

Protection from infection
______: a substance that causes an antibody response
in the body.

A

Antigen

53
Q

Protection from infection
Antibody production can be elicited through __________, injection of synthetic or weakened antigens or antibodies from other persons or from animals.

A

vaccination

54
Q

Protection from infection
Cell-mediated immunity
_-____ mainly protect the body from parasites, fungi, destroy cancer cells and foreign tissue

A

T-cells

55
Q

Immune response to infection

The immune system is called into play whenever the body feels there are foreign ____ present

A

cells

56
Q

Immune response to infection

__ cells and _________ detect antigen, __ cells produce antibodies to the antigen.

A

T, macrophages,B

57
Q

Protection From infection
__________ ______
- Store protective cells and destroy pathogens

A

Lymph nodes

58
Q

Immune response to infection

An _______ is a protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of an _______.

A

antibody, antigen

59
Q

Immune response to infection

______ ______ to the infected area increases, causing swelling or inflammation.

A

Blood Supply

60
Q

Immune response to infection

  • Blood supply to the infected area increases, causing swelling or inflammation
  • _________ and ________ proteins also accumulate in the area.
A

Antibacterial, antitoxic

61
Q

Immune response to infection

An ________ can form around the infection from fluid, cells and dead white blood cells.

A

abscess

62
Q

Immune response to infection

If the body is not able to completely fight of the infection, _________ infection occurs ( total ______ infection)

A

systemic, body

63
Q

Immunity and stress

Stress causes the release of _________, the hormone that enables us to meet and respond to crisis.

A

cortisol

64
Q

The ______ response affects immunity negatively.

A

stress

65
Q

_____- washing is key to prevent the spread of many ( not all) communicable diseases.

A

Hand

66
Q

Alcohol-based gels are useful if they contain at least __% alcohol.

A

60

67
Q

Following _________ schedules for communicable diseases is strongly recommended, for children and for adults.

A

immunization

68
Q

Who is at highest risk of infectious Diseases?

  • _______ and their families
  • The ______,
  • The _______ ___
  • _______ and those with ________ problems.
  • _____-___ workers, nursing home residents, hospital patients, day-care workers.
  • Workers in poorly _________ buildings.
A
  • Children
  • Elderly
  • Chronically ill
  • Smokers, respiratory
  • Health-care
  • ventilated
69
Q

_________ cause the common cold, of which there are 200 distinct varieties.

A

Rhinoviruses

70
Q

Cold viruses are spread by _____, _____ and by _____.

A

coughs, sneezes, touch

71
Q

Symptoms of the common cold include ____ ____, _____ eyes, _______, _______.

A

stuffy nose, runny, headache, sneezing

72
Q

Treading the common cold-medications

- _____, __________ and __________ are not recommended for treatment of a cold.

A

Aspirin, acetaminophen, antihistamines

73
Q

_______ is recommeded for achiness due to the common cold.

A

Ibuprofen

74
Q

Treating the common cold-other remedies

- ___ _____ will help ease congestion

A
  • Hot fluids
75
Q

Treating the common cold-other remedies

- ____ formula cough suppressant medication (dextromethrophan) is recommended over _____-symptom formulas.

A

single, multi

76
Q

Treating the common cold-other remedies

__________ help liquefy secretions in the chest

A

Expectorants

77
Q

Treating the common cold-other remedies

_________ are not effective against a cold as the cold is caused by a virus, not by bacteria.

A

Antibiotics

78
Q

Treating the common cold-other remedies

- ________, ____ may be effective

A

Echinacea, zinc

79
Q

Treating the common cold-other remedies
General Recommendations
____, plenty of ____, esp. ____ or _____ drinks

A

Rest, Fluids, hot, warm

80
Q

Although similar to a cold. _______-the __ cause more severe symptoms that last longer.

A

influenza, flu

81
Q

______:Similar symptoms to the cold, but can also include fever, bronchitis, and the symptoms last longer

A

Influenza

82
Q

_______ is also caused by a virus spread by coughs, sneezes, laughs, normal conversation.

A

Influenza

83
Q

Influenza

_______ do not protect against all variants of the disease

A

Vaccines

84
Q

___ ____ are recommended for those over the age of 6 months, as well as for the elderly and chronically ill.

A

Flu shots

85
Q

______ drugs ( e.g Tamifu, Relenza) have been effective in shortening the duration of illness.

A

Antiviral

86
Q

Influenza ______ can combine genes from different influenza types, and are constantly evolving.

A

viruses

87
Q

A ________ is a global outbreak of an infectious disease.

A

pandemic

88
Q

Influenza _________ tend to occur when disease-causing organisms that typically affect only animals adapt and infect humans, then further adapt so that they can pass easily from human to human.

A

pandemics

89
Q

Increased global _____ has fueled the ease of spread of emerging diseases such as SARS and MERS

A

travel

90
Q

________: Five viruses are known to cause the condition.

A

Hepatitis

91
Q

At least five different viruses, referred to as hepatitis __,__,__,______ and __ target the liver, the body’s largest internal organ.

A

A,B,C,Delta, E

92
Q

Symptoms for Hepatitis include _______, ______, ______,_______, _______ of the whites of the eyes or the complexion, enlarged tender _____.

A

headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, yellowing, liver.

93
Q

__% of Hepatitis B and up to __% of Hepatitis C patients become chronic carriers of the virus.

A

10,66

94
Q

Hepatitis __

  • Generally transmitted by fecal contamination of food or water
  • This is generally a less serious form
  • Those most at risk are children, staff at daycare centers, those living in institutions, sanitation workers
A

A

95
Q

Hepatitis __

  • Unprotected sex and having multiple partners is a primary mode of transmission
  • Can be transmitted through transfusion of contaminated blood, or needles shared in injected drug use, tattooing or body piercing
  • Vaccination is recommended, is given to all children in Grade 4 in Quebec
A

B

96
Q

Hepatitis __ is a potentially fatal disease transmitted through the blood and other bodily fluids.

A

B

97
Q

Hepatitis __

  • Hepatitis __ can also lead to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and liver cancer
  • Transmitted by sharing needles to inject drugs with an infected person, improperly cleaned tattoo and body piercing needles
  • (A treatment is now available that clears Hepatitis __ virus from the blood)
A

C,C,C

98
Q

MRSA stands for ___________-_______ ___________ _______.

A

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

99
Q

MRSA is a strain of Staphylococcus, once treated with penicillin, which is now quite resistant to currently available _______.

A

antibiotics

100
Q

MRSA

The bacterium must enter through a break in the ____ as a cut or scrape or during surgery.

A

skin

101
Q

MRSA
The bacterium can spread through _____, esp. in health care settings via improperly sterilized equipment, lack of due care due to wash hands properly.

A

touch

102
Q

MRSA
Those most at risk are those with weakened ________ ______, any persons with wounds or cuts or unhealed surgery, ______ persons, premature or ________ babies.

A

immune system
elderly
newborn

103
Q

MRSA

Another risk group are _________ competing in contact ______.

A

athletes, sports

104
Q

____ is a virus transmitted through the bit of a mosquito

A

Zika

105
Q

Zika is a virus transmitted through the bite of a mosquito.

This type of mosquito, uncommonly, bits more often during the ____,but can also bite at _____.

A

day, night

106
Q 
Zika Virus Symptoms include
- \_\_\_\_\_
- \_\_\_\_\_ pain
- \_\_\_\_ eyes (conjunctivitis)
- \_\_\_\_
-\_\_\_\_\_\_ pain
- \_\_\_\_\_\_
although some infected persons will have no symptoms
A
  • Fever
  • Joint
  • Red
  • Rash
  • Muscle
  • Headache
107
Q

Zika Virus

Fetuses infected mothers can have severe ____ malformations, missing ____ structures, excess fluid in the ____.

A

brain,brain,brain

108
Q

Zika Virus
The infection is transmitted by bites from an infected _______, transmission from mother to _____, _____ activity, possibly _____ transfusion from an infected person

A

mosquito, fetus, sexual,blood

109
Q

Zika Virus
Since there are no vaccine for Zika, at present, the best option is to decrease risk of _______ ____
- Wear long-sleeved clothing
- Use insect repellent
- Control _________ inside and outside the house (no standing water, use screening to prevent __________) entering the house.

A

mosquito bits,
mosquitoes
mosquitoes

midterm 2 (6 decks)

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