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midterm 2 > Inner life > Flashcards

Inner life Flashcards

1
Q

New evidence is showing that ___ ________ may play a role in the development of obesity

A

gut bacteria

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2
Q

The gut bacteria may influence how we store ___, maintain blood _______ levels and react to ________ related to feeling full.

A

fat, glucose, hormones

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3
Q

Gut bacteria seem to play a role in the development of ______ and _______

A

obesity, diabetes

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4
Q

An unhealthy mix of gut bacteria may start their influence immediately after ____.

A

birth

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5
Q

Research is trying to elucidate what ______ of bacteria is healthy and what affects the ___ of these bacteria

A

mixture, mix

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6
Q
  • Research is trying to elucidate what mixture of bacteria is healthy and what affects the mix of these bacteria
  • Having the knowledge of what is healthy or unhealthy may help to prevent or treat ______.
A

obesity

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7
Q

Intestinal bacterial cells outnumber the cells in the human body, estimated to be a factor of __:_, although the real number is not known

A

10:1

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8
Q

Large populations of bacteria occur in the _____, with even more bacteria in the ____ intestine. Although impressive communities also flourish in the ______ tract and on our ____.

A

mouth, large, genital, skin

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9
Q

During the normal birth process, the baby picks up the bacteria from the mother’s _____ ______, with more strains of bacteria being picked up subsequently from the ____________.

A

birth canal, environment

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10
Q

The mixture of bacterial strains in greatly vary from person to person and across various ________ groups.

A

population

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11
Q

Recent studies are showing:

  • _______ persons tend to have a greater variety of bacterial species
  • ________ individuals had a less diverse population of bacterial types in their guts
A

Leaner, overweight

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12
Q
  • Rat studies have been done using bacterial flora from human twins, one twin being lean and the other obese
  • Rats raised in a sterile environment inoculated with bacteria from the heavier twin tended to have a greater amount of body ___ compared to rats receiving bacteria from the leaner twin
A

fat

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13
Q
  • Another study has shown that after inoculation from either the lean or obese twin, if rats were allowed to share cages, both groups remained ____ and had greater variety of _______.
  • As well in mice, directly introducing _______ from ____ persons to the previously obesity-inoculated mouse group resulted in the obese-inoculated mice reverting to a healthier weight
A

lean, bacteria, bacteria, lean

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14
Q

Blood levels of mice with unhealthy mix of bacteria show higher levels of branched-chain _____ ____ and other compounds which are also elevated in obese persons and those suffering from Type 2 diabetes.

A

amino acids

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15
Q

Blood levels of mice with unhealthy mix of bacteria show higher levels of branched-chain amino acids and other compounds which are also elevated in _____ persons and those suffering from Type __ diabetes.

A

obese, 2

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16
Q
  • __________ ____ is a bacterium found in the stomach of humans and is implicated in the formation of ulcers.
A

Helicobacter pylori

17
Q
  • Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium found in the stomach of humans and is implicated in the formation of ____.
A

ulcers

18
Q

Helicobacter pylori

- This bacterium may regulate the stomach hormone _____ which stimulates hunger

A

ghrelin

19
Q
  • H. pylori is less common in the digestive tract of humans in North America due to emphasis on ______ and greater use of _______.
A

hygiene, antibiotics

20
Q

The North American diet of more processed foods leads to ____ ______ gut flora

A

less diverse

21
Q
  • The North American diet of more processed foods leads to less diverse gut flora
  • Mice studies showed that this type of diet (low fibre, low in fruits and vegetables, higher in fat) induced _____ even if the mice were raised with mice with lean-type bacterial types
A

obesity

22
Q
  • The North American diet of more processed foods leads to less diverse gut flora
  • Mice studies showed that this type of diet (low _____, low in ____ and _________, higher in ___) induced obesity even if the mice were raised with mice with lean-type bacterial types
A

fiber, fruits, vegetables, fat

23
Q
  • Persons fed ____ ______ and those born by ________ ______ show a higher tendency for obesity later in life compared to those born _______.
A

infant formula, caesarean section, vaginally

24
Q
  • Breast-fed infants will also acquire bacteria that help in the digestion of ___, encourage a healthy population of bacterial species and discourage growth of unhealthy bacteria
A

milk

25
Q
  • _____-____ infants will also acquire bacteria that help in the digestion of milk, encourage a healthy population of bacterial species and discourage growth of unhealthy bacteria
A

Breast-fed

26
Q
  • Breast-fed infants will also acquire bacteria that help in the digestion of milk, encourage a ______ population of bacterial species and discourage growth of _______ bacteria
A

healthy, unhealthy

27
Q
  • Formula-fed infants have different ________ populations compared to breast-fed infants.
A

bacterial

28
Q
  • Formula-fed infants have different bacterial populations compared to breast-fed infants
  • It is thought that the infant’s still immature immune system in bottle-fed infants is not able to correctly handle the _______ bacteria.
A

unhealthy

29
Q
  • Formula-fed infants have different bacterial populations compared to breast-fed infants
  • It is thought that the infant’s still immature immune system in bottle-fed infants is not able to correctly handle the unhealthy bacteria
  • The consequence is greater exposure to ________
A

allergens

30
Q
  • Formula-fed infants have different bacterial populations compared to breast-fed infants
  • It is thought that the infant’s still immature immune system in bottle-fed infants is not able to correctly handle the unhealthy bacteria
  • The consequence is greater exposure to allergens leading to higher risk of ______, _______,________, ______ disease and ______.
A

asthma, allergies, eczema, celiac, obesity

31
Q
  • Studies of mice show a greater percentage of body fat in mice given low-dose ________.
A

antibiotics

32
Q
  • It is thought that the antibiotics kill off the healthy bacteria types that help maintain a healthy ______.
A

weight

33
Q
  • Human studies in US show that in the US, states that have greater _______ use show increased prevalence of obesity.
A

antibiotic

34
Q
  • Studies are being conducted on infants born by caesarean section being inoculated with _______ from mother’s birth canal.
A

bacteria

35
Q
  • Studies are being conducted on infants born by caesarean section being inoculated with bacteria from mother’s birth canal
  • The children’s growth will be monitored to check if there will be any effect on ______ and ______.
A

growth, weight

36
Q
  • Other studies are trying to determine whether _____ transplantation from healthy weight persons to overweight/obese persons will lead to weight loss
A

fecal

37
Q
  • It is still to be determined, however, which bacterial _______ are specifically related to leanness
A

species

midterm 2 (6 decks)

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