Inner life Flashcards
New evidence is showing that ___ ________ may play a role in the development of obesity
gut bacteria
The gut bacteria may influence how we store ___, maintain blood _______ levels and react to ________ related to feeling full.
fat, glucose, hormones
Gut bacteria seem to play a role in the development of ______ and _______
obesity, diabetes
An unhealthy mix of gut bacteria may start their influence immediately after ____.
birth
Research is trying to elucidate what ______ of bacteria is healthy and what affects the ___ of these bacteria
mixture, mix
- Research is trying to elucidate what mixture of bacteria is healthy and what affects the mix of these bacteria
- Having the knowledge of what is healthy or unhealthy may help to prevent or treat ______.
obesity
Intestinal bacterial cells outnumber the cells in the human body, estimated to be a factor of __:_, although the real number is not known
10:1
Large populations of bacteria occur in the _____, with even more bacteria in the ____ intestine. Although impressive communities also flourish in the ______ tract and on our ____.
mouth, large, genital, skin
During the normal birth process, the baby picks up the bacteria from the mother’s _____ ______, with more strains of bacteria being picked up subsequently from the ____________.
birth canal, environment
The mixture of bacterial strains in greatly vary from person to person and across various ________ groups.
population
Recent studies are showing:
- _______ persons tend to have a greater variety of bacterial species
- ________ individuals had a less diverse population of bacterial types in their guts
Leaner, overweight
- Rat studies have been done using bacterial flora from human twins, one twin being lean and the other obese
- Rats raised in a sterile environment inoculated with bacteria from the heavier twin tended to have a greater amount of body ___ compared to rats receiving bacteria from the leaner twin
fat
- Another study has shown that after inoculation from either the lean or obese twin, if rats were allowed to share cages, both groups remained ____ and had greater variety of _______.
- As well in mice, directly introducing _______ from ____ persons to the previously obesity-inoculated mouse group resulted in the obese-inoculated mice reverting to a healthier weight
lean, bacteria, bacteria, lean
Blood levels of mice with unhealthy mix of bacteria show higher levels of branched-chain _____ ____ and other compounds which are also elevated in obese persons and those suffering from Type 2 diabetes.
amino acids
Blood levels of mice with unhealthy mix of bacteria show higher levels of branched-chain amino acids and other compounds which are also elevated in _____ persons and those suffering from Type __ diabetes.
obese, 2
- __________ ____ is a bacterium found in the stomach of humans and is implicated in the formation of ulcers.
Helicobacter pylori
- Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium found in the stomach of humans and is implicated in the formation of ____.
ulcers
Helicobacter pylori
- This bacterium may regulate the stomach hormone _____ which stimulates hunger
ghrelin
- H. pylori is less common in the digestive tract of humans in North America due to emphasis on ______ and greater use of _______.
hygiene, antibiotics
The North American diet of more processed foods leads to ____ ______ gut flora
less diverse
- The North American diet of more processed foods leads to less diverse gut flora
- Mice studies showed that this type of diet (low fibre, low in fruits and vegetables, higher in fat) induced _____ even if the mice were raised with mice with lean-type bacterial types
obesity
- The North American diet of more processed foods leads to less diverse gut flora
- Mice studies showed that this type of diet (low _____, low in ____ and _________, higher in ___) induced obesity even if the mice were raised with mice with lean-type bacterial types
fiber, fruits, vegetables, fat
- Persons fed ____ ______ and those born by ________ ______ show a higher tendency for obesity later in life compared to those born _______.
infant formula, caesarean section, vaginally
- Breast-fed infants will also acquire bacteria that help in the digestion of ___, encourage a healthy population of bacterial species and discourage growth of unhealthy bacteria
milk
- _____-____ infants will also acquire bacteria that help in the digestion of milk, encourage a healthy population of bacterial species and discourage growth of unhealthy bacteria
Breast-fed
- Breast-fed infants will also acquire bacteria that help in the digestion of milk, encourage a ______ population of bacterial species and discourage growth of _______ bacteria
healthy, unhealthy
- Formula-fed infants have different ________ populations compared to breast-fed infants.
bacterial
- Formula-fed infants have different bacterial populations compared to breast-fed infants
- It is thought that the infant’s still immature immune system in bottle-fed infants is not able to correctly handle the _______ bacteria.
unhealthy
- Formula-fed infants have different bacterial populations compared to breast-fed infants
- It is thought that the infant’s still immature immune system in bottle-fed infants is not able to correctly handle the unhealthy bacteria
- The consequence is greater exposure to ________
allergens
- Formula-fed infants have different bacterial populations compared to breast-fed infants
- It is thought that the infant’s still immature immune system in bottle-fed infants is not able to correctly handle the unhealthy bacteria
- The consequence is greater exposure to allergens leading to higher risk of ______, _______,________, ______ disease and ______.
asthma, allergies, eczema, celiac, obesity
- Studies of mice show a greater percentage of body fat in mice given low-dose ________.
antibiotics
- It is thought that the antibiotics kill off the healthy bacteria types that help maintain a healthy ______.
weight
- Human studies in US show that in the US, states that have greater _______ use show increased prevalence of obesity.
antibiotic
- Studies are being conducted on infants born by caesarean section being inoculated with _______ from mother’s birth canal.
bacteria
- Studies are being conducted on infants born by caesarean section being inoculated with bacteria from mother’s birth canal
- The children’s growth will be monitored to check if there will be any effect on ______ and ______.
growth, weight
- Other studies are trying to determine whether _____ transplantation from healthy weight persons to overweight/obese persons will lead to weight loss
fecal
- It is still to be determined, however, which bacterial _______ are specifically related to leanness
species
