Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IH PF > UNCOMMON BLOOD GROUPS P1 > Flashcards

UNCOMMON BLOOD GROUPS P1 Flashcards

1
Q

Composed of 22 antigens: three sets of high and low pairs of antithetical
antigens- Dia/Dib, Wra/Wrb, and Wu/Disk – and 16 low-prevalence antigens.

A

The Diego (010) System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The Diego (010) System was named after the first antibody maker in a __________ during an investigation of _____

A

Venezuelan family ; HDFN.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The Diego antigens are carried on _______ (RBC anion exchanger (AE1) or solute carrier family-4 anion exchanger, member 1 (SLC4A1)), a major integral RBC membrane glycoprotein with about 1 million copies per RBC.

A

band 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The protein crosses the membrane multiple times, and both the amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains are in the cytoplasm.

A

The Diego (010) System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A large N-glycan on the fourth external loop carries over half the RBC A,
B, H, and I blood group Antigens.

A

The Diego (010) System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The Diego (010) System Reported in 1955, ______ had caused HDFN in a Venezuelan baby.

  • ______ was described 2 years later.
A

anti-Dia ; Anti-Dib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

______ is rare in most populations but is polymorphic in people of Mongoloid ancestry.

A

Dia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In South American Indians, the prevalence of Dia can be as high as _____

A

54%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

____ is also present in the North and Central American native populations but is surprisingly rare in Canada and among the Alaskan Inuit.

A

Dia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The prevalence of Dib is generally greater than 99% but is ____ in Native Americans.

A

96%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The Dia/Dib polymorphism is located on the last (seventh) __________ of the protein.

A

extracellular loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

___, a low-prevalence antigen, and the antithetical, high-prevalence ____ are
associated with an amino acid substitution on the fourth external loop.

A

Wra ; Wrb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Expression of Wrb requires the interaction of band and normal GPA of the MNS blood group system. GPA-deficient RBCs are ______

A

Wr(a-b-).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

_________ are expressed on RBCs of newborns.

A

Diego Antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the antigens are resistent to treatment with ficin and papain, DTT, and glycine-
acid EDTA, with exception of Bpa, which is sensitive to papain.

A

DIEGO ANTIGENS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Diego system antibodies are sometimes ____, but are usually ____, reactive in the antiglobulin phase of testing.

A

IgM ; IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Anti-Dia and Anti-Dib = Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions and HDFN

A

YES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_______ is a relatively common antibody in donors and patients; some are directly agglutinating, but most require the antiglobulin phase of testing to be detected.

A

anti-Wra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

anti-Wra =

A

severe HTRs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

________ in individuals with Wr(a-b-) RBCs have been described,
so information about clinical significance is insufficient.

A

Alloanti-Wrb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Autoanti-Wrb is relatively common in the serum of patients with ________

A

warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which was named in 1956 for the first antibody maker and used the
last letter “t” in the patient’s last name, which was Cartwright.

A

The Yt (011) System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

____ is the high-prevalence antigen in all populations;

A

Yta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

_____ is the low-prevalence antigen found in about 8% of whites and 21% to 26% of Israelis, but is not found in Japanese.

A

Ytb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Three phenotypes are observed in Yt System

A

The common Yt(a+b-) and Yt(a+b+) and the rare Yt(a-b+).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The Yt antigens are ______ and present an amino acid substitution on the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)- linked RBC glycoprotein acetylcholinesterase (AChE).

A

antithetical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

______ is an important enzyme participating in neurotransmission, but the function of RBC-
bound AChE is not known. Chromosome 7

A

AChE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Yt antigens are variably sensitive to _____ and _____, are sensititive to ____,
and are resistant to ________ treatment.

A

ficin and papain ; DTT ; glycine-acid EDTA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

the antigens are developed at birth but are expressed weaker on cord RBCs
than on adult RBCs and are absent from RBCs of people with _________________

A

paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) III.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Anti-Yta and Anti-Ytb are ____ and are stimulated by _______ or ________

A

IgG ; pregnancy or transfusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

_______ is not an uncommon antibody, so it appears that Yta is reasonably
immunogenic.

A

Anti-Yta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

____ appears to be a poor immunogen, as the antibody is rare.

A

Ytb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Yt antibodies have not caused ______

A

HDFN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

______________ may be helpful in determining clinical significance
of anti-Yta.

A

Monocyte phagocytosis (MMA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

_____ was discovered in 1962 in the serum of a multiply transfused man.

A

anti-Xga

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

the antibody detected an antigen with a higher prevalence in females than in
males.

A

The Xg(012) System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

antigen Xga expression was controlled by an _______

A

X-linked gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

was named after the ______ and g for “_______” where the
patient was treated.

A

X chromosome ; Grand Rapids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

there are two antigens in Xg system: _____ and _____

A

Xga and CD99.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

the gene XG encoding Xga is located on the X chromosome at _______

A

Xp22.32

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

the gene responsible CD99, MIC2, is located on the X chromosome at ______ and on the Y chromosome ______

A

Xp22.2 ; Yp11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

_____ became part of the Xg system because the MIC2 and XG genes are adjacent and homologous and two CD99- Japanese individuals were found with ______

A

CD99 ; anti-CD99

43
Q
  • Xga has a phenotypic relationship to Cd99:
  • all Xg(a+) individuals have a ____ expression of CD99 on their RBCs,
  • all Xg(a- ) females have _____ expression of CD99; however, 68% of Xg(a-) males have a expression and 32% have low expression of CD99.
A

high ; low

44
Q
  • The prevalence of Xga is ____ in males and ___ in females.
  • because male have only 1 X chromosome, Xg(a+) males are hemizygotes.
  • females, having 2 X chromosomes, can be homozygote or heterozygotes.
A

66% ; 89%

45
Q

Weak expression of Xga is seen on RBCs from some adult ____, but weak expression on RBCs from adult males is _____

A

females ; rare

46
Q

The antigen is sensitive to ____ and _____ but resistant to _____ treatment.

A

ficin and papain ; DTT

47
Q

Xg Antibodies:

  • Anti-Xga is usually _____;
  • Some examples are ________
  • Anti-Xga has not been implicated in _____ or as a cause of _____.
A

IgG; ; naturally occurring. ; HDFN or HTRs

48
Q
  • Named after the first antibody maker.
  • In 1962, high prevalence antigen was named Sm; 1 year later, a new low
    prevalence antigen, Bua, was found. After it was confirmed that these two
    antigens were antithetical, the Scianna blood group was established in 1974, and
    the two antigens were renamed Sc1 and Sc2, respectively.
  • The prevalence of Sc2 in Northern Europeans is 1% but is higher in the
    Mennonite population.
A

The Scianna(013) System

49
Q

The product of the gene is a protein called _______________
which is an RBC adhesion protein.

A

erythroid membrane-associated protein (ERMAP),

49
Q

The Scianna(013) System Antigen

  • In 1980, an individual in the Marshall Islands in the South Pacific was found with the ______
  • The very rare Sc:-1,-2,-3 phenotype is the ________
  • The Sc gene ERMAP is located on chromosome 1 at position ______
A

Sc;-1,-2. ; Scianna null type ; 1p34.2.

50
Q

The low-prevalence antigen Rd became ____

A

Sc4.

51
Q

_______, ______, and ______ are all high-prevalence.

A

Sc5 (STAR), Sc6 (SCER), and Sc7 (SCAN)

52
Q

The Scianna antigens are resistant to _____ and _______

A

ficin and papain.

53
Q

The antigen are also resistant to ________. except for Sc2, which has variable reactivity after DDT-treatment.

A

DTT treatment

54
Q

The Scianna antigens are expressed on _______

A

cord RBCs

55
Q

(Scianna Antibodies)

  • Alloantibodies to Scianna antigens are _____, and little is known about their clinical significance.
A

rare

56
Q

(Scianna Antibodies)

  • They are usually ____ and reactive in the ________ phase of testing.
A

IgG ; antiglobulin

57
Q

(Scianna Antibodies)

  • None have been reported to cause a severe ____
A

HTR

58
Q

(Scianna Antibodies)

  • Only mild HDFN has been reported, except for one severe case for anti-Rd, for which the baby required _________
A

exchange transfusion.

59
Q

(Scianna Antibodies)

  • autoantibodies to ____ and ____ have been reported.
A

Sc1 and Sc3

60
Q

Was named for the first antibody maker, Mrs. Dombrock (anti-Doa),
found in 1965.

A

The Dombrock (014) System

61
Q

______, which recognizes the antithetical antigen, was identified in 1973.

A

Anti-Dob

62
Q

The prevalence of the three resulting phenotypes, Do(a+b-), Do(a+b+), and Do(a-b+), varies in different populations. In whites, they are _____, _____, and ____ respectively.

A

18%, 49%, and 33%,

63
Q

The high-prevalence antigens ____ and ____ were both described in 1967.

A

Gya and Hy

64
Q

RBCs from whites who are Gy(a-) were found to be ____, but Hy- RBCs from blacks were weakly _____.

A

Hy- ; Gy(a+)

65
Q

The high-prevalence antigen Joa was described in 1972, and the phenotypic relationship to Gya and Hy was later shown: Gy(a-) RBCs or Hy- RBCs were also _____

A

Jo(a-).

66
Q

In 1995, it was reported that Gy(a-) RBCs were also _____

A

Do(a-b-).

67
Q

The Gy(a-) phenotype is the _______

A

Dombrock null

68
Q

The Dombrock system currently has five additional high-prevalence antigens:

A

DOYA, DOMR,
DOLG, DOLC, AND DODE.

69
Q

The Dombrock antigens are carried on a _________ attached to the RBC membrane by a GPI anchor.

A

mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase 4 (ART4)

70
Q

The gene ART4 encoding the Dombrock glycoprotein is located on _________ at position 12p13-p12.

A

chromosome 12

71
Q

The Dombrock antigens are resistant to ficin, papain, and glycine-acid EDTA and are sensitive to 0.2 M DTT treatment.

A

yes

72
Q

The antigens are present on cord RBCs, but are absent from ______ RBCs

A

PNH III

73
Q

The ____ and _____ antigens are poor immunogens and antibodies are rarely found as single specificities

A

Doa and Dob

74
Q

_____, is highly immunogenic.

A

Gya

75
Q

_____ and _____ have caused delayed HTRs but no Clinical HDFN.

A

Anti-Doa and Anti-Dob

76
Q

The ________ are usually IgG, reacting optimally with enzyme-treated RBCs.

These antibodies are usually weakly reactive and disappear.

A

Dombrock antibodies

77
Q
  • Consists of four antigens.
  • The system was named in 1967 for the first antibody maker; it should
    have been named “Calton”.
A

The Colton (015) System

78
Q

The high- and low-prevalence antithetical antigens are _____ and _____

A

Coa and Cob

79
Q

The third antigen, ____, is present on all RBCs except those of the very rare
Co(a–b–) phenotype.

A

Co3

80
Q

____, a high-prevalence antigen, has been identified on RBCs from two
individuals with the Co(a–b–) phenotype.

A

Co4

81
Q

The Colton antigens are carried on an integral membrane protein, ________

A

aquaporin 1 (AQP1).

82
Q

The gene AQP1 is located on _______ at position 7p14

A

chromosome 7

83
Q

The ___________ are expressed on RBCs of newborns and are
resistant to treatment with ficin and papain, chloroquine, and DTT

A

Colton antigens

84
Q

usually IgG and are enhanced with enzyme treated RBCs.

A

(Colton antibodies)

85
Q

(Colton antibodies)

______ is often seen as a single specificity and has been reported to cause HTRs and HDFN.

A

Anti-Coa

86
Q

(Colton antibodies)

______ appears more often with other specificities but has also caused
HTRs and mild HDFN.

A

Anti-Cob

87
Q

(Colton antibodies)

_____, which reacts with all Co(a+) and Co(b+) RBCs, has been reported to
cause mild HTR and severe HDFN.

A

Anti-Co3

88
Q
  • Had its origins along with the discovery of the D antigen of the Rh blood group system.
  • In 1940, Landsteiner and Wiener reported that an antibody produced in rabbits (and later, guinea pigs) after injection with RBCs of rhesus monkeys reacted with 85% of human RBCs.
A

The Landsteiner-Wiener (016) System

89
Q
  • The two antibodies were later shown to be different in several studies;
    ⚬ in the 1960s, the human anti-Rh was renamed ____ (but called anti-Rho by some workers), and the rabbit anti-Rh was called ______ in honor of Landsteiner and
    Wiener.
A

anti-D ; anti-LW

90
Q

There are three LW antigens:

The first two, _____ and ____, are common, high-prevalence anti?gens,
and ___ is of low prevalence

A

LWa, LWab, and LWb.

LWa and LWab ; LWb

91
Q

____ was originally defined by the antibody made by an individual with an in?herited LW(a–b–) phenotype.

A

LWab

92
Q

The ISBT has used ____, ____., and _____ as the antigen numbers for LWa,
LWab, and LWb, respectively.

A

LW5, LW6, and LW7

93
Q

The null phenotype is ________; in one individual who made anti-LWab (Mrs.
Big), this phenotype resulted from a 10-base pair deletion in exon 1 of an
LWa gene, which introduced a premature stop codon.

A

LW(a–b–)

94
Q

phenotypic relationship between the D antigen and anti-LW.

A

yes

95
Q

Anti-LW usually reacts strongly with ____ RBCs, weakly with ___ RBCs from
adults, and not at all with ____ RBCs.

A

D+ ; D– ; Rhnull

96
Q

Distinguishing anti-LW from anti-D is most easily accomplished by testing
DTT-treated D+ RBCs:
⚬ the D antigen is not denatured by ____, so anti-D would still be detected;
⚬ however, LW antigen is destroyed by ____, so anti-LW would no longer
react. LW antigens are resistant to treatment of RBCs with ____ and _____

A

DTT ; DTT ; enzymes and
glycineacid EDTA.

97
Q

The structure that carries the LW antigens is a glycoprotein known as
____________-

A

intracellular adhesion molecule 4 (ICAM-4).

98
Q

The LW glycoprotein is part of the band 3/Rh macrocomplex;15 Rhnull RBCs lack the LW glycoprotein.

  • The LW gene ICAM4 is located on chromosome __ at position 19p13.2
A

19

99
Q

LW antigens may be depressed during pregnancy and in some diseases, such
as _______ and _____

Autoanti-LW made by these patients can appear to be an alloantibody;
as the antigen strength returns, the antibody diminishes.

A

lymphoma and leukemia.

100
Q
  • Autoanti-LW is also common in serum from patients with ________.
A

warm autoimmune
hemolytic anemia.

101
Q

No anti-LW has been shown to cause serious HDFN or transfusion reactions.

Many patients with anti-LW have successfully been transfused with D–
RBCs.

A

yes

102
Q
A

IH PF (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions