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Ultrasound Flashcards

1
Q

Size of adrenals where Addison’s is suspicious?

A

0.3cm

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2
Q

From dorsal to ventral, the level of VC, aorta, bile duct and portal vein?

A

Aorta, CVC, Portal vein, bile duct

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3
Q

Gallbladder volume is calculated by?

A

Length x width x height x 0.52

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4
Q

Gall bladder edema is caused by?

A

Toxin

cholecystitis

analphylaxis

hypoalbumen (all causes)

transfusions

hypertension

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5
Q

Normal gallbladder wall thickness in a dog? Cat?

A

Dog: 1-3mm

Cat: 1mm or less

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6
Q

Normal bile duct diameter in dog? Cat?

A

Dog - >3mm

Cat - 4mm

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7
Q

Unilateral adrenal mass is concerning for neoplasm when it is what size?

A

>2cm

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8
Q

What is the most reliable sign of neoplasia in the adrenal glands?

A

Invasion of surrounding tissues (kidney, muscular, CVC, vertebral bodies)

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9
Q

Differentials for unilateral nodule in the adrenal gland?

A

Neoplasia, hyperplasia, adenoma (function and non)

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10
Q

DDx for hyperechoic foci in the parenchyma of the kidney?

A

Infarct

Neoplasia

Hemorrhage

Granuloma

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11
Q

Ddx for medullary rim sign?

A

Normal variant

FIP

Neoplasia

Nephrocalcinosis

Ethylene glycol

Hypercalcemia nephropathy

Lepto

PSS

Acute tubular necrosis

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12
Q

Where do splenic infarcts usually occur?

A

Tail of the spleen

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13
Q

Portal hypertension is concerning when portal vein velocity is what?

A

<10cm/s

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14
Q

Types of Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Massive

Diffuse

Nodular

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15
Q

Focal, circumferential thickening of gastric wall with loss of layering ddx?

A

Ulcer

Inflammatory

Neoplasia

Infectious

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16
Q

Most gastric tumors affect what area of the stomach?

A

Distal 2/3

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17
Q

Gastric tumors?

A

Adenocarcinomas

leimyosarcoma

Lymphoma

Polyps

Stromal tumor

Mast cell

Fibrosarcoma

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18
Q

Corrugated small intestines Ddx

A

Periontitis

Infarct

Pancreatitis

Enteritis

PLE, Lymphangiectasia

Linear body

Entrapment

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19
Q

Psoas major originates from?

Inserts

A

origin L3 (why L3/L4 hard to see on rads)

insertion: Lesser trochanter

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20
Q

Lesser trochanter is on what side of the femur?

21
Q

Normal contraction rate of a dog is?

A

4-5 contractions/min

22
Q

Intramural uterine mucus is seen as what echogenicity?

A

Hyperechoic - line

23
Q

Scant amount of hypoechoic/anechoic fluid in uterus is normal when?

A

Proestrus, estrus and after mating

24
Q

When can heartbeat be seen on US for pregnancies?

25
Q

What has been used to predict age of fetus?

A

Chorionic vesicle diameter

Inner chorionic cavity

Crown rump length

head diameter (biparietal diameter)

Body diameter measurements

26
Q

From conception when does the first mineralized structures occur in dogs and cats?

A

Cats: 38 days

Dogs: 43 days

First bones: Spine, skull and ribs

27
Q

Brucella can cause enlarged?

28
Q

Medullary rim sign can be caused by?

A

Nothing

FIP

Tubular necrosis

Vasculitis

Ethelyn Glycol

29
Q

Endocrinopathies can cause the pancreas to look like what?

A

Hypoechoic and big

30
Q

What is the look of adrenal glands with trilostane?

A

Hypoechoic and large

31
Q

DDx for swiss cheese?

A

EMH

Rickettsial disease

Histoplasmosis

Neoplasia (lymphoma, histiocytic sarcoma)

32
Q

Thickened spleen for cat? Measurement?

33
Q

Heterobilharzia looks like what?

A

Granulomatosis disease in the pancreas, liver and intestines.

34
Q

What signs should you look for in PSS?

A

Abnormal vessel

Ammonium urate stones

Big kidneys

Small liver

Cryptorchidism (50% in male does with PSS)

Portal/Aorta ratio

Azygous vein

Different size of portal vein and cava

35
Q

Male dogs with PSS have cryptorchidism in what percentage of cases?

36
Q

Bile acids in PSS will be how many times higher than normal?

A

10-20x

Normal post is 10-25 so 100-500 is suspicious.

37
Q

Portal vein hypoplasia is mostly confined to the intrahepatic vascultature. T/F

38
Q

Portal hypertension can occur with?

A

Cirrhosis

Non-cirrotic liver disease

Clots

Tumors

portal vein hypoplasia

NOT microvascular dysplasia

39
Q

Size of suprascapular insertion is normal for a dog?

A

Small size dog (border collie) (0.4-0.5 cm2)

Medium size dog (labrador type) (<0.6cm2)

Giant size dog (0.7 - 0.8cm2)

40
Q

How to look for turbulence in the caudal vena cava when on a shunt hunt?

A
  1. Turn on doppler
  2. Crank the range to 25cm/s so you limit aliasing
  3. Start looking for turbulence
41
Q

Portal vein to Aorta ratio likely represents PSS when it is?

A

~1/2

Should be 1:1 in normal dog

42
Q

Things to look for in a shunt hunt?

A
  1. Abdnormal vessel
  2. Look at aorta for an extra vessel - AZYGOUS
  3. Cava turbulence
  4. Cava size
  5. Liver size
  6. Kidney size
  7. Bladder stones
  8. Portal vein size —–Portal vein:Aorta ratio
  9. Lastly follow splenic vein and look.
43
Q

Acquired shunts live?

A

Caudal to the kidneys - majority

44
Q

The liver of a cat is what echogenicity to the faliform fat?

45
Q

Cat adrenals are located where compared to the dog?

A

Cranial - right next the entrance of the aorta to the liver

46
Q

What is this in a cat?

A

Fibrosis caused by chronic inflammation

THE SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF INTESTINAL MUCOSAL FIBROSIS IN CATS

DOMINIQUE G. PENNINCK

CYNTHIA R. L. WEBSTER

JOHN H. KEATING

47
Q

Thrombus (spleen, cava, PV) what should you test for?

A

Cushing’s

IMHA

PLN

PLE

Tick bourne diseases

Inflammatory disease (ITP, Panc)

Neoplastic disease

48
Q

What is this in the spleen?

A

Hemosiderosis

Think - Cushings, diabetes,

49
Q

What diseases or medication administration that can cause increased risk of gallbladder mucocele?

A

Dyslipidemia

Cushings

Hypothyroid

Steroids leading to GB dysmotility and stasis

Clinical (12 decks)

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