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Radiology > Ultrasound 2 > Flashcards

Ultrasound 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the imaging modality of choice for testicular pain?

A

testicular ultrasound

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2
Q

On testicular u/s you notice an increase in the size of the affected testis and an absence of blood flow what are you concerned for?

A

testicular torsion

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3
Q

What is the imaging modality of choice for pelvic complaints in female?

A

pelvic ultrasound

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4
Q

What is the difference between transabdominal u/s and transvaginal u/s?

A
  • TAUS = utilizes the curvilinear probe and uterus better visualized with a full bladder
  • TVUS = utilizes the endocavitary probe and uterus better visualized with an empty bladder
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5
Q

On a pelvic ultrasound what female structure is not normally seen unless there is associated pathology?

A
  • fallopian tubes
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6
Q

What finding on pelvic u/s is consistent with endometrial cancer?

A

> 5 mm thickness post-menopause

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7
Q

How do fibroids (leiomyoma) appear on u/s?

A
  • typically hypo or isoechoic masses within the myometrium
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8
Q

How can you tell the difference between simple cysts and hemorrhagic cysts?

A
  • hemorrhagic cysts have a lace-like echoes within it = “fish-net appearance”
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9
Q

How can you distinguish a benign ovarian cyst from ovarian malignancy?

A
  • features of malignancy that diff from benign include:
    1. thick, irregular walls
    2. solid components
    3. increase blood flow
    3. papillary structures
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10
Q

Ovarian cysts that are how big can be indicative of ovarian torsion?

A

5-10 cm in size

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11
Q

What is the relationship between blood flow and ovarian torsion?

A
  • no blood flow is specific for torsion but torsion can not be ruled out if there is blood flow
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12
Q

What imaging test is used to confirm intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) in the first trimester?

A
  • ultrasound
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13
Q

What is the first sign of pregnancy on ultrasound?

A

Gestational sac

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14
Q

At what serum HCG level do you expect to see a gestational sac?

A

1500 mIU/mL

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15
Q

In which order are the following structures able to be seen under ultrasound during the first trimester?

gestational sac, fetal pole, yolk sac

A
  1. gestational sac
  2. yolk sac
  3. fetal pole
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16
Q

What can be used to estimate the gestational age of the fetus during the first trimester?

A
  • crown rump length (CRL)

* length from top of its head to bottom of torso*

17
Q

T/F: You cannot reliably determine sex in first trimester with U/S.

A

True

18
Q

How is fetal heart rate calculated?

A

using M-mode on u/s

normal = 120-160 bpm

19
Q

What sign on ultrasound is indicative of Trisomy 21?

A

nuchal translucency at 11-14 weeks

20
Q

Where is the common location of an ectopic pregnancy?

A

fallopian tube (95-96%)

21
Q

How can you distinguish an ectopic pregnancy vs a cyst or mass?

A
  • applying gentle pressure during real time imaging will separate ectopic pregnancy but NOT cysts or masses
22
Q

When comparing the serum HCG and ultrasound findings, what correlation is concerning for ectopic pregnancy?

A
  • serum HCG >1500-2000 without visible IUP
23
Q

What sign is indicative of a ruptured ectopic pregnancy until proven otherwise?

A
  • sudden onset abdominal pain and hypotension in a pregnant patient
24
Q

delete

A
  • free fluid
25
Q

ultrasound is the test of choice to evaluate for all of the following except:

a. ejection fraction
b. valvular disease
c. endocarditis
d. cardiomyopathy
e. pericardial effusion
f. coronary artery disease

A

f. coronary artery disease

26
Q

How is the ejection fraction measured under u/s?

A
  • change in volume at end diastole and end systole

* normal = 55-70%*

27
Q

what u/s findings are consistent with stenosis?

A
  • abnormal valve anatomy
  • hyperechoic leaflefts d/t calcification
  • elevated outflow velocity
28
Q

what u/s finding is consistent with regurgitation?

A
  • retrograde flow on color doppler
29
Q

when is an agitated saline echo used? “bubble study”

A
  • to examine for a defect in the walls of the heart (e.g. PFO)
30
Q

what sonographic findings are consistent with HOCM?

A
  • increases LV wall thickness > 15mm

+ outflow obstruction?

31
Q

Cardiac tamponade correlates with what?

A

time rather than size

32
Q

What is the criteria for a small, moderate, and large pericardial effusion? For each, what do they correspond to in terms of fluid amount?

A
  • small = < 10mm = 100 cc fluid
  • mod = 10-20mm = 100-500 cc fluid
  • large = > 20mm = >500 cc fluid
33
Q

What is Beck’s triad?

A

-clinical signs that correlate to cardiac tamponade

  1. Hypotension
  2. distended neck veins
  3. muffled heart sounds
34
Q

What u/s findings are consistent with cardiac tamponade?

A
  • pericardial effusion
  • right atrial systolic collapse
  • right ventricular diastolic collapse
  • dilated IVC
35
Q

In which population are you especially concerned for endocarditis?

A

IVDU

36
Q

Using the modified Duke criteria, what sonographic findings are consistent with endocarditis?

A
  • presence of vegetation
  • presence of abscess
  • presence of a new dehiscence of a valvular prothesis
  • new valve regurgitation
37
Q

Which of the following is more sensitive TTE or TEE?

A

TEE

Radiology (6 decks)

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