Ultimate Review Pt. 2 Flashcards
common circulatory pulse locations
carotid, brachial, radial, ulnar, femoral, popliteal, post tib, dorsalis pedis
cardiac lab testing
hematocrit, hemoglobin, partial thromboplastin time, platelet count, prothombin time, white blood cell count
hematocrit
percentage of packed RBC in total blood volume.
hemoglobin
iron containing pigment of RBC. function is to carry oxygen from lungs to tissues. used to assess blood loss, anemia, and bone marrow suppression. low hemoglobin=blood loss, high hemoglobin=hemoconcentration caused by polycythemia or dehydration
partial thromboplastin time
used to monitor oral anticoagulant therapy or to screen for selected bleeding disorders. more sensitive than prothrombin time in detecting minor deficiencies.
platelet count
refers to number of platelets per mL of blood. important for blood coagulation, homeostasis, blood thrombus formation. low platelet counts increase risk of bruising and bleeding. high platelet counts increase the risk of thrombosis
prothrombin time
most commonly used to monitor oral anticoagulant therapy or to screen for selected bleeding disorders. examines extrinsic coagulation factors V, VII, X, prothrombin, and fibrinogen
WBC count
refers to number of white blood cells per milliliter of blood. commonly used to identify presence of infection. increase=after hemorrhage, surgery, coronary occlusion or malignant growth
clinical chemistry values
cholesterol: under 200 (LDL 60-180, HDL 30-80). Oxygen= partial pressure (PaO2): 80-100 mm Hg, saturation: 95-98%. pH: arterial blood: 7.35-7.45
ECG
measures electrical activity of heart
P wave
atrial depolarization
PR interval
time required for conduction from SA node to AV node. time btwn atrial and ventricular depolarization. normal .12 to .2 seconds
QRS complex
ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
QT interval
electrical systole that is measured by time elapsed from start of Q wave to end of T wave. normally .32 to .40 secs
ST segment
delay before repolarization of ventricles; useful in assessing myocardial ischemia
T wave
ventricular repolarization
depressed QRS
heart failure, ischemia, pericardial effusion, obesity, COPD
ectopic foci
location where abnormal myocardial depolarization originates
elevated QRS
hypertrophy of myocardium
Q wave
previous MI
ST sgmt elevation
acute MI
A fib
irregular atrial rhythm, no rate, no P waves, F waves absent, quivers noted, ventricular rhythm varies. common causes: hypertension, CHF, CAD, rheumatic heart disease, cor pulmonale, pericarditis, drug use
supraventricular tachycardia
rate varies btwn 160-250 bpm, regular rhythm, originates from a location above AV node, will start and stop w/o cause. common causes: mitral valve prolapse, cor pulmonale, digitalis toxicity, and rheumatic heart disease
premature atrial contractions (PAC)
occurs when ectopic focus in atrium fires and supersedes the SA node. P wave is premature with abnormal configuration, rate normal btwn 60-100 bpm, irregular rhythm can be regularly irregular such as consistently skipping every 3rd beat, can be indicative of ischemia or valve pathology. common causes: caffeine, emotional stress, smoking, and pathologies like CAD, electrolyte imbalance, infection and CHF.