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geography > UK's physical landscape > Flashcards

UK's physical landscape Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 4 transportation methods

A

traction
saltation
suspension
solution

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2
Q

what type of waves deposit load

A

constructive waves

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3
Q

which factors reduce wave energy

A

sheltered spots (bays)
calm conditions
gentle gradient offshore causing friction

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4
Q

which landscapes result from deposition

A

beaches
spits
bars

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5
Q

how are beaches formed

A

accumulations of sand and shingle formed by deposition and shaped by erosion, transportation and deposition

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6
Q

what factors affect the rate of erosion

A

geological structure (soft and hard rocks occurring together)

wave climate (strength, direction, height and fetch)

tidal range (height difference between low and high tides)

groundwater levels ( saturated cliffs are more vulnerable)

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7
Q

what is a discordant coast

A

alternates in layers perpendicular to sea, forming bats and headlands

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8
Q

what is a concordant coast

A

made of the same rock type parallel to sea

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9
Q

how are bays formed

A

by rapid erosion of soft rock

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10
Q

how are headlands formed

A

because they are hard rock they resist the erosion unlike the soft rock that forms bays but once formed they are then more vulnerable to erosion because more wave energy is concentrated there

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11
Q

what is the order before a stump forms

A

fault, cave, arch, stack, stump

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12
Q

what is mass movement

A

downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity

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13
Q

what is hydraulic action

A

weight and impact of water against the coastline that will erode the coast. also waves compress air in cracks in rocks forcing them apart

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14
Q

what is abrasion

A

breaking waves throw sand and pebbles against the coast during storms

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15
Q

what is attrition

A

the rocks and pebbles carried by the waves rub together and break down into smaller pieces

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16
Q

what is solution

A

chemical action by seawater on some rocks e.g. limestone

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17
Q

identify and explain an expanple of mechanical weathering

A

freeze thaw

when it freezes water in cracks in rocks expands and over time the crack widens and pieces fall off

18
Q

identify and explain an example of chemical weathering

A

acid rain and carbonation

limestone is dissolved by carbonation (CO2) in the atmosphere combined with rainwater to form carbonic acid. this changed calcium carbonate into calcium bicarbonate which is carried away by water

19
Q

identify and explain an example of biological weathering

A

when tree roots widen gaps in rocks which then speeds up mechanical or chemical weathering

20
Q

what is a spit

A

narrow projection of sand or shingle that are attached to the land at one end or. they extend across a bay or estuary. formed by longshore drift

21
Q

what is a bad

A

formed in the same way as a spit with longshore drift depositing material away from the coast until a long ridge is built up. bars grow right across a bay cutting off the water to form a lagoon

22
Q

how does industry affect the environment

A

can cause air/ soil/ water/ noise pollution

can destroy natural habitats

23
Q

how does agriculture affect the environment

A

increased soil erosion

increased sedimentation

24
Q

how does development impact the coast

A

weight of buildings increases cliff vulnerability

changes in drainage increase saturation

25
Q

how does coastal management affect the coast

A

can increase erosion further along the coastline

helps reduce the risk of coastal flooding

26
Q

how does climate change affect waves

A

storm frequency and strength increases which increases height and strength of waves

27
Q

how does climate change affect low lying areas

A

as sea levels rise the lowland areas are more at risk of flooding

28
Q

what are 3 examples of sedimentary rocks

A

chalk
carboniferous limestone
clay

29
Q

what is an example of igneous rocks

A

granite

30
Q

what are 2 examples of metamorphic rocks

A

schists

slate

31
Q

what is a corrie

A

a post glacial feature formed where a glacier used to be

32
Q

what are crags

A

exposed rock faces that are vulnerable to weathering where rock fragments beak off

33
Q

how are scree slopes formed

A

when rock fragments fall off crags and fall to the base of the cliff

34
Q

what forms a u shaped valley

A

a glacier

35
Q

what is silt

A

material that is eroded from a river channel and transported

36
Q

how is a flat floodplain formed

A

when there is prolonged heavy rain and the rivers flood and water spreads out all over the valley floor and deposits silt which forms a floodplain

37
Q

how are meanders formed

A

river used up surplus energy by swinging one way and the other causing lateral erosion on the outside of bends and deposition on the insides

38
Q

how is an oxbow lake formed

A

when the insides of meanders are continually eroded and get closer and closer until it breaks off forming a c shaped oxbow lake

39
Q

what are levees

A

increased deposition on river bed

40
Q

what is a delta

A

an area of flat new land that is created when sediment is deposited when river reaches sea and it builds up

41
Q

what is soil creep

A

particles of soil slowly move down the sides of valleys under the influence of gravity

42
Q

what is slumping

A

when valley sides are eroded by the river making the sides steeper and increasing the downward movement of material

geography (6 decks)

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