UK's physical landscape

Question 1

what are the 4 transportation methods

Answer 1

traction
saltation
suspension
solution

Question 2

what type of waves deposit load

Answer 2

constructive waves

Question 3

which factors reduce wave energy

Answer 3

sheltered spots (bays)
calm conditions
gentle gradient offshore causing friction

Question 4

which landscapes result from deposition

Answer 4

beaches
spits
bars

Question 5

how are beaches formed

Answer 5

accumulations of sand and shingle formed by deposition and shaped by erosion, transportation and deposition

Question 6

what factors affect the rate of erosion

Answer 6

geological structure (soft and hard rocks occurring together)

wave climate (strength, direction, height and fetch)

tidal range (height difference between low and high tides)

groundwater levels ( saturated cliffs are more vulnerable)

Question 7

what is a discordant coast

Answer 7

alternates in layers perpendicular to sea, forming bats and headlands

Question 8

what is a concordant coast

Answer 8

made of the same rock type parallel to sea

Question 9

how are bays formed

Answer 9

by rapid erosion of soft rock

Question 10

how are headlands formed

Answer 10

because they are hard rock they resist the erosion unlike the soft rock that forms bays but once formed they are then more vulnerable to erosion because more wave energy is concentrated there

Question 11

what is the order before a stump forms

Answer 11

fault, cave, arch, stack, stump

Question 12

what is mass movement

Answer 12

downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity

Question 13

what is hydraulic action

Answer 13

weight and impact of water against the coastline that will erode the coast. also waves compress air in cracks in rocks forcing them apart

Question 14

what is abrasion

Answer 14

breaking waves throw sand and pebbles against the coast during storms

Question 15

what is attrition

Answer 15

the rocks and pebbles carried by the waves rub together and break down into smaller pieces

Question 16

what is solution

Answer 16

chemical action by seawater on some rocks e.g. limestone

Question 17

identify and explain an expanple of mechanical weathering

Answer 17

freeze thaw

when it freezes water in cracks in rocks expands and over time the crack widens and pieces fall off

Question 18

identify and explain an example of chemical weathering

Answer 18

acid rain and carbonation

limestone is dissolved by carbonation (CO2) in the atmosphere combined with rainwater to form carbonic acid. this changed calcium carbonate into calcium bicarbonate which is carried away by water

Question 19

identify and explain an example of biological weathering

Answer 19

when tree roots widen gaps in rocks which then speeds up mechanical or chemical weathering

Question 20

what is a spit

Answer 20

narrow projection of sand or shingle that are attached to the land at one end or. they extend across a bay or estuary. formed by longshore drift

Question 21

what is a bad

Answer 21

formed in the same way as a spit with longshore drift depositing material away from the coast until a long ridge is built up. bars grow right across a bay cutting off the water to form a lagoon

Question 22

how does industry affect the environment

Answer 22

can cause air/ soil/ water/ noise pollution

can destroy natural habitats

Question 23

how does agriculture affect the environment

Answer 23

increased soil erosion

increased sedimentation

Question 24

how does development impact the coast

Answer 24

weight of buildings increases cliff vulnerability

changes in drainage increase saturation

Question 25

how does coastal management affect the coast

Answer 25

can increase erosion further along the coastline helps reduce the risk of coastal flooding

Question 26

how does climate change affect waves

Answer 26

storm frequency and strength increases which increases height and strength of waves

Question 27

how does climate change affect low lying areas

Answer 27

as sea levels rise the lowland areas are more at risk of flooding

Question 28

what are 3 examples of sedimentary rocks

Answer 28

chalk carboniferous limestone clay

Question 29

what is an example of igneous rocks

Answer 29

granite

Question 30

what are 2 examples of metamorphic rocks

Answer 30

schists | slate

Question 31

what is a corrie

Answer 31

a post glacial feature formed where a glacier used to be

Question 32

what are crags

Answer 32

exposed rock faces that are vulnerable to weathering where rock fragments beak off

Question 33

how are scree slopes formed

Answer 33

when rock fragments fall off crags and fall to the base of the cliff

Question 34

what forms a u shaped valley

Answer 34

a glacier

Question 35

what is silt

Answer 35

material that is eroded from a river channel and transported

Question 36

how is a flat floodplain formed

Answer 36

when there is prolonged heavy rain and the rivers flood and water spreads out all over the valley floor and deposits silt which forms a floodplain

Question 37

how are meanders formed

Answer 37

river used up surplus energy by swinging one way and the other causing lateral erosion on the outside of bends and deposition on the insides

Question 38

how is an oxbow lake formed

Answer 38

when the insides of meanders are continually eroded and get closer and closer until it breaks off forming a c shaped oxbow lake

Question 39

what are levees

Answer 39

increased deposition on river bed

Question 40

what is a delta

Answer 40

an area of flat new land that is created when sediment is deposited when river reaches sea and it builds up

Question 41

what is soil creep

Answer 41

particles of soil slowly move down the sides of valleys under the influence of gravity

Question 42

what is slumping

Answer 42

when valley sides are eroded by the river making the sides steeper and increasing the downward movement of material