Development Dynamics Flashcards
what is subsistence farming
farmers who produce just enough to feed themselves and their family
what are 4 economic development indicators
GDP- total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year
Purchasing power parity- shows what the gdp value will be worth in that country
poverty line- minimum income required to meet someone’s basic needs - $1.25 per day
measure of inequality- how wealth is shared among the population
what are 2 social indicators of development
access to drinking water - % of population with access to piped water within 1km
literacy rate - % of population over 15 who can read and write
what is the HDI
one figure per country between 0 and 1 (higher = better) uses an average of 4 indicators: life expectancy education (literacy) education (length of schooling) GDP using PPP$
what is the corruption perceptions index
devised to help investors work out where there money is safe uses a scale from 10 (honest) to 0 (corrupt)
what is birth rate
number of live births per 1000 people per year
what is death rate
number of deaths per 1000 people per year
what is the dependency ratio
proportion of people below and above normal working age
calculated by adding both groups together and diving by the working population then x100
lower the number the greater the number of people who work and less who are dependant
what is fertility rate
average number of births per woman
what is infant mortality rate
number of children per 1000 live births who die before they’re 1
what is maternal mortality
number of mothers per 100,000 who die in childbirth
why do developing countries like malawi have high fertility rates (3)
poverty- many families can’t afford secondary education so girls get married young and have children young
families have lots of children as infant mortality rate is high
they need lots of children so they can work and increase family income
what is the global north
a group of HIC’s in the northern hemisphere (except australia) including northern america, western europe and japan
what is the global south
a group of LIC’s in the southern hemisphere including latin america, asia and africa
what are reasons for low GDP per capita
lack of money to invest in farming so few exports
people unable to work due to lack of healthcare
governments get little tax money so little to invest in education so population are mainly illiterate
how does being landlocked hold malawi back
no port to export or import goods
to get to the coast they have to travel on an 800km railway which resticts weight and is a slow and expensive process
how is rural isolation holding malawi back
has the highest % rural population in the world
much of rural malawi is isolated with poor infrastructure so is difficult to travel to markets
rural communications vary and few people have internet access or a phone
how is changing climate holding malawi back
water shortages as temperatures rise
food shortages caused by variable rainfall and increased drought
how does increased pollution hold malawi back
risks human health
how are terms of trade holding malawi back
the value of their imports is higher than the value of their exports as they mainly export raw materials and import manufactured goods
how is colonisation holding malawi back
britain still owns some of malawi’s plantations eg unilever for things like pg tips but workers only get paid 1p per kg of leaves picked
what is globalisation
the ways in which countries become increasingly connected to each other
what are 6 things that cause globalisation
- economic inter-dependance between countries
- increasing volumes and variety of trade
- increased spread of technology
- flows of investment into other countries
- outsourcing- using people in other countries to do services cheaper
- culture- global media companies spread 24 hour news
what is foreign direct investment (fdi)
tnc’s basing factories in developing countires as labour is cheaper there. caused a global shift
what is global shift
changing where manufactured goods are made from developed to developing countries
deifne emerging country
one with high to medium huma development and recent economic growth
how has indias location helped its development
located between the middle east and south east asia (world’s fastest growing economic regions)
half the world popualtion lives in china, south and southeastern asia which provides labour
how is india socially significant
2nd largest population in the world that will probably be the largest by 2022
home to the worlds 4th and 5th largest cities
25% of urban population live in slums one of the worlds worst
how is india politically significant
worlds largest democracy (most people registered to vote)
one of the founding members of the un and the G20
how is india culturally significant
birthplace of hinduism, sikhism, buddhism and jainism
culturally diverse
one of the worlds most ancient cultures, hindu civilisations are over 5000 years old
worlds largest film industry
how is india environmentally significant
richest biodiversity although this is threatened by population and economic growth
worlds 3rd biggest emitter of greenhouse gas
what is a market economy
consumers and individual companies decide what people buy based on demand,
where goods can be made cheaply,
where investment in profits will make most profits
why is it cheaper today to transport goods than in 1980 when fuel was cheaper
shipping- fuel efficiency means large ships aren’t that expensive to run, they only need one crew and can hold a lot of goods
containerization- easier and quicker to transport to ports, load and unload onto ships
aircraft- only 0.02% of uk imports arrive by air but they make up 15% of value
what is the new economy
sometimes referred to as the knowledge economy as it relies on skilled, qualified people
what are the social impacts of economic development
urban expansion- construction of single appartments
later marriage- women have careers so marry and have children later reducing fertility rate
population structure- changes as less younger age groups and lower dependancy ratio
social customs- in urban areas indians are free to marry outside of their caste
what is the controversy surrounding garment workers
no shortage of people willing to work 100 hours a week for an average of £35
70% of employees are young women on minimum pay
many sweatshops discriminate against older women returning to work after having children
how is indias economic growth possibly unsustainable
between 2000 and 2050 the large amount of babies born in the 1990s will be of working age so the economy will boom but by 2050 the population will be ageing and if birth rate falls further the dependancy ratio will increase
where has maharashtras economic growth come from
service industries manufacturing 2nd largest port in the country booming construction industry bollywood
what are the environmental impacts of growth
air pollution- old public transport, urban traffic, coal fired power stations
water pollution- poorly managed garbage and waste removal services
loss of biodiversity- land is needed for food
what are 3 aspects of top down development
decision makers identifying a countrys needs or opportunities
experts planning change s
local people are told about plans but don’t have a say in whether or how they happen
what is the sardar sarovar dam
one of the world’s largest dams
on the narmada river
aims to store monsoon rains during the dry season
who benefits from the sardar sarovar dam
cities- it provides 3.5 billion litres of drinkin water daily and HEP
who loses from the sardar sarovar dam
local residents- 234 villages have been flooded
local farmers- farming has been flooded, fertile sediment on flood plains is lost
west india- religious and historic sites flooded
weight of the large dam could trigger earthquakes
what is bottom up development
where NGO’s work with communities and let them control their lives
what is biogas
gas used for cooking and generating elecricity
how does cow dung produce biogas
the dung is fed into a biogas plant that is then sealed so the dung can ferment to produce methane. as pressure builds, methane is piped into homes
what are the benefits of biogas
smoke free kitchens- less lung infection
instant heat, quicker cooking
no ash, less cleaning
don’t have to gather wood or dung so girls can go to school
cattle are kept in family compound making dung collection easier
as dung ferments, microorgansims that cause disease are killed
what are the causes of indias economci problems
tax rates on businesses are low to attract investment so tnc’s pay little tax so government has little money to pay for public services
gets little tax revenue as there are ways for people on high incomes to avoid tax
what is gini coefficient
measure of inequality ranging from 0 to 1 with o being total equality and 1 being total inequality
what is the corruptions perceptions index (cpi)
approximate measure of the level of corruption in a country with 100 being not at all corrupt
