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Geography GCSE > Uk's Evolving Human Landscape > Flashcards

Uk's Evolving Human Landscape Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Urban Core and it’s characteristics

A

Town centre with:

  • High population density
  • expensive property
  • corporate headquarters
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2
Q

Define the characteristics of rural areas

A

Low population density
Older population
Cheap property
Renewable energy

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3
Q

What is rural isolation

A

Lack of jobs and tend to be poorer due to isolation from cities

Qualify for government assistance

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4
Q

What are some examples of government assistance

A

Funding in Cornwall for fast broadband so many can work from home

Rail improvements between Sheffield and Manchester have improved transport for good or people

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5
Q

Define counter urbanisation

A

Individual moving from a city to the countryside

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6
Q

What are some examples of migration to the Uk or in the Uk

A

2004; Eastern European come to work in industry

In UK people move from North —> South for better quality of jobs

1950: Uk encouraged movement of workers from Caribbean, Pakistan and Indian and Bangladesh due to a shortage

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7
Q

What has happened to industry in the last 50 years

A

Heavy industry have declined due to foreign competition, high land/labour cost and exhaustion of coal sources

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8
Q

What are some stats of the decline of the North East

A
  • Unemployment grew to 8% between 2007-2013 faster than any Uk region
  • in 1971 manufacturing industry employed 40% of the area but by 2010 this fell to 10.19%
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9
Q

How did the tertiary sector impact the North

A

2013 the public sector account for 22% of all employment in NE

Led to some improvement in unemployment figures

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10
Q

What is happening to manufacturing in the south East

A

Manufacturing is growing rapidly mainly in urban areas e.g. oil refineries in Southampton and car manufacturing in Oxford

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11
Q

How important is the tertiary and quaternary sector in the SE

A

Very important as close to economic hub of London with wide range of financial and business’s devices

Also has top level universities for quaternary sector like Imperial College and UCL

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12
Q

How is unemployment in the SE

A

Unemployment is low at 6% in comparison to NE

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13
Q

What are some examples of transport in the SE that make it attractive to business

A

Network of motorways and railways
4 Major International Airports e.g. Gatwick,Heathrow,Luton and Stanstead

72% of UK freight was carried on roads in the SE

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14
Q

What about the labour market makes the SE attractive to business

A

19 million people for goods and services is a large varied market

Also a skilled labour force from Oxford/London Universities

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15
Q

Why is the SE attractive to business politically

A

Close to decision making centre of London

may allow business to sway political descisions in their favour

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16
Q

What about the SE geographically attractive

A

Rail/Road networks come out from London and is close to Channel Tunnel giving access to Europe

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17
Q

How was globalisation affected sectors

A
  • Jobs. In agriculture,manufacturing and mining have declined
  • Tertiary labour is flexible and part-time most the time
  • Workers have to re-train for jobs in the tertiary sector
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18
Q

What are networks

A

Linking countries through the internet and trade flows

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19
Q

What are flows

A

Goods and services flow through networks

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20
Q

What are global players

A

Large organisation that have a big impact on the economy

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21
Q

What is the impact of the privatisation of UK Industry

A
  • Inc FDI so more foreign ownership
  • Profits from UK companies going abroad and inc. efficiency due to cheaper labour abroad which causes job losses in the UK
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22
Q

Why did deindustrilisation occur in the north since 50 years ago

A

Foreign competition,high land/labour costs and exhaustion of coal sources

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22
Q

Define FDI

A

Money flowing from businesses in 1 country to another

Encourage business to set up in another country

Inversement on UK mainly comes from USA in energy projects/infrastructure

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23
Q

Define TNC

A

large companies that operate in numerous countries and link different companies

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24
Q

Which river drainage basin is Birmingham located in

A

Severn

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25
Q

What are 3 nearby market towns to Birmingham

A

Rugby, Nuneaton, and Burton upon Trent

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26
Q

What are Birmingham’s main transport features

A

Centre of railway and canal networks

Most major motorways meet in Birmingham

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27
Q

What are Birmingham’s modern features

A

ICC and NEC bring in 3 million visitors and 1.5 billion pounds to the local economy respectively

High quality restaurants and finance centre in CBD

3 internationally recognised universities

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28
Q

What is the CBD of Birmingham like

A

Many retail facilities and transport; Mailbox, Bullring and Grand Central

Constant redevelopment; Paradise Circus

High environmental quality but expensive land so high rise buildings

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29
Q

What is the inner city of Birmingham like

A

Redeveloped by CDA’s to build many tower blocks and terrace housing. Few shops and high crime rate

30
Q

What is the suburbs of Birmingham like

A

Mix of private estates and council built with lower population density and few shops or open space

31
Q

What are is the rural-urban fringe like

A

Close links to City though transport
Detatched houses
Airports and shopping centres
High air quality

32
Q

Define a pull and push factor

A 
push = negative
pull = positive
33
Q

Why are pull factors to Migrants for areas like sparkbrook, small heath and ladywood

A
  • availability of cheap terrace housing
  • High BME population; shops and places of worship cater to them more
  • Close to city centre so easy commuting
34
Q

How do migrants affect the age structure

A

Migrants tend to be younger and have children making the population younger

Migrants make an area more ethnically diverse

35
Q

Define deindustrialisation

A

factories closing down

36
Q

What was the slum clearance and redevelopment schemes in Birmingham

A

1950 inner city Bham had 70% of housing deemed unfit with no hot water or toilet

CDA’s built areas from scratch with modern amenities such as central heating and green space

Many residents moved to the rural urban fringe reducing inner city population

37
Q

What are CDA’s

A

Comprehensive Redevelopment Areas

38
Q

How did transport improve in Birmingham

A

Development of inner city caused many old factories and houses to be destroyed so factories moved away

Improved transport to rural urban fringe meant workers could live there and work in city

39
Q

What job losses occurred in Birmingham

A

Deindustrialisation caused 50,000 in Job losses in Birmingham

Happened due to:

  • Lack of space
  • Foreign comp.
  • derelict environment
40
Q

How did decentralisation occur in Birmingham

A

City centre shops closed when Merry Hill opened

10 km from CBD with shops, free parking and good transport links

41
Q

What economic change occurred in Birmingham

A
  • FDI from BMW and Kraft
  • High quality goods like jewellery
  • Improved rail to SE England and Bham international Airport
  • Government backed enterprise zones and brownfield site regeneration
42
Q

What gentrification occurred in Birmingham

A
  • Moseley originally for factories became desirable with redeveloped houses
  • Popular due to city proximity, QE and UoB
43
Q

Define Gentrification

A

Run down areas becoming culturally desirable by wealthier people

44
Q

Define studentification

A

socioenvironmental change due to influx of students living there

45
Q

How has studentification impacted Birmingham

A

Selly Oak; terraced housing converted into accommodation as students are 80% of population

  • Pubs, Clubs and fast food favoured
  • Rise in low-level anti social behaviour
46
Q

What did Longbridge use to be like

A

MG Rover car factory used to employ more than 25,000 but shut down and left a large brownfield site to be regenerated

47
Q

How has the MG Rover car factory been regenerated

A

Turnt into 15,000 sq metres of shops, apartments and a new 8km2 park

New Longbride centre attracts 30,000 shoppers weekly

Proposals included 10,000 jobs

48
Q

What are the negatives of the Longbridge regeneration

A

Increased pollution

Bromsgrove and Northfield may lose trade

49
Q

How is Eastside being regenerated

A

Area is undergoing 6-8 Billion pound development will create 12,000 jobs and 8,000 in construction

50
Q

What are the main focuses and positive effects of the Eastside regeneration

A
  • Education centre
  • Eastside City Park
  • Curzon Park
  • Student housing along the Eastside locks
  • improved housing and more
  • New jobsd and imporved area in decline
51
Q

What are the negative effects of the eastside regeneration

A
  • higher property prices
  • inc. traffic flows
  • site will need a lot more infastructure
52
Q

Define sustainability

A

meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the needs of future generations

53
Q

How has Birmigham accomplished sustainability

A

Encouraging; recycling, green transport, ecohousing and green spaces

54
Q

How has Birmingham encouraged recycling +

A

Reduce, reuse and recycle scheme for business repays business

ERF (Energy Recovery Facility) with capacity for 350,000 tonnes of waster and provide power to 40,000 homes

55
Q

How has birmingham encouraged green transport and spaces+

A

Clean air zone project ,eams bus piroirty and changes to parking

Green travel districts prioritise green transport over cars

Creation of ULEZ buses after £3.64 million pound grant

Birmingham airport has reduced CO2 emission %20 per passenger

56
Q

What does Birmingham need Worcestershire for

A

Workers, water purification, food produce and raw materials

57
Q

What does Worcestershire need Birmingham for

A

Jobs, buyer of produce, reneweable energy market, people looking for bigger housing, connections with transport

58
Q

How has Worcestershire impacted Birmingham population due to its interdependence with it

A

2004-2014 poulation inc. in Birmingham of 9.9% so more houses and jobs needed. Worcestershire has to supply this sometimes

59
Q

How has Worcestershire impacted Birmingham demand for housing due to its interdependence with it

A

Rose by 66% in 2015 which is 6 times amount of houses being built. More houses have to be built in Worcestershire to satisfy the demand

60
Q

How has Worcestershire impacted Birmingham employment due to its interdependence with it

A

more people live in rural to commute;

Belbroughton grown from 603 in 1960 to 2400 in 2015 as more people like countryside and higher disposable income

61
Q

How has Worcestershire and increased leisure time impacted Birmingham due to its interdependence with it

A

No. of working hours reduced and hours are more flexible. People attracted to Lickey hills

receives 0.5 million people annually

62
Q

Why are working age people attracted to the country side

A

Pollution free,safe and cheaper

63
Q

Why are elderly attracted to the countryside

A
  • Quiet and peaceful
  • low pollution
  • visually pleasing
64
Q

Why is avg. car ownership higher in rural areas

A

As infastructure much worse

65
Q

What does a higher avg. car ownership mean for public transport

A

Less people use it so –> cost increases –> services reduces–> elderly cannot go to doctors appointment or other things

66
Q

What does a high commuter population mean

A

Commuters use services in city –> rural areas less in demand –> close down most the time –> people lose jobs –> elderly cannot doctors

67
Q

What is rural diversification

A

using farmladn for something else rather than purely farming

68
Q

Why has rural diversification become common

A

Farmers can no longer support families like 60 years ago due to competitive supermarket prices and cheap abroad options

69
Q

What are the 2 forms of rural diversification

A

1) Find other ways to earn money whilst farming; HEP, Bed and Breakfast and farmers market
2) Transforming farms into a different business; camping site, kennels/cattery and golf courses/paintballing

70
Q

What are the positives of rural diversification

A
  • reliable source of income
  • more variety for customers
  • cleaner/more sustainable
71
Q

What are the negatives of rural diversification

A
  • too much holiday accomodation means locals cant live there anymore; too expensive
  • honeypot sites become ruined deu to killing biodiveristy and paths worn by feet
  • air pollution and traffic congestion
72
Q

How do we combat the negatives of rural diversification

A
  • Buy locally
  • Monitor air quality frequently
  • Ropemats and fence off protected areas

Geography GCSE (8 decks)

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