Uk's Evolving Human Landscape Flashcards
Define Urban Core and it’s characteristics
Town centre with:
- High population density
- expensive property
- corporate headquarters
Define the characteristics of rural areas
Low population density
Older population
Cheap property
Renewable energy
What is rural isolation
Lack of jobs and tend to be poorer due to isolation from cities
Qualify for government assistance
What are some examples of government assistance
Funding in Cornwall for fast broadband so many can work from home
Rail improvements between Sheffield and Manchester have improved transport for good or people
Define counter urbanisation
Individual moving from a city to the countryside
What are some examples of migration to the Uk or in the Uk
2004; Eastern European come to work in industry
In UK people move from North —> South for better quality of jobs
1950: Uk encouraged movement of workers from Caribbean, Pakistan and Indian and Bangladesh due to a shortage
What has happened to industry in the last 50 years
Heavy industry have declined due to foreign competition, high land/labour cost and exhaustion of coal sources
What are some stats of the decline of the North East
- Unemployment grew to 8% between 2007-2013 faster than any Uk region
- in 1971 manufacturing industry employed 40% of the area but by 2010 this fell to 10.19%
How did the tertiary sector impact the North
2013 the public sector account for 22% of all employment in NE
Led to some improvement in unemployment figures
What is happening to manufacturing in the south East
Manufacturing is growing rapidly mainly in urban areas e.g. oil refineries in Southampton and car manufacturing in Oxford
How important is the tertiary and quaternary sector in the SE
Very important as close to economic hub of London with wide range of financial and business’s devices
Also has top level universities for quaternary sector like Imperial College and UCL
How is unemployment in the SE
Unemployment is low at 6% in comparison to NE
What are some examples of transport in the SE that make it attractive to business
Network of motorways and railways
4 Major International Airports e.g. Gatwick,Heathrow,Luton and Stanstead
72% of UK freight was carried on roads in the SE
What about the labour market makes the SE attractive to business
19 million people for goods and services is a large varied market
Also a skilled labour force from Oxford/London Universities
Why is the SE attractive to business politically
Close to decision making centre of London
may allow business to sway political descisions in their favour
What about the SE geographically attractive
Rail/Road networks come out from London and is close to Channel Tunnel giving access to Europe
How was globalisation affected sectors
- Jobs. In agriculture,manufacturing and mining have declined
- Tertiary labour is flexible and part-time most the time
- Workers have to re-train for jobs in the tertiary sector
What are networks
Linking countries through the internet and trade flows
What are flows
Goods and services flow through networks
What are global players
Large organisation that have a big impact on the economy
What is the impact of the privatisation of UK Industry
- Inc FDI so more foreign ownership
- Profits from UK companies going abroad and inc. efficiency due to cheaper labour abroad which causes job losses in the UK
Why did deindustrilisation occur in the north since 50 years ago
Foreign competition,high land/labour costs and exhaustion of coal sources
Define FDI
Money flowing from businesses in 1 country to another
Encourage business to set up in another country
Inversement on UK mainly comes from USA in energy projects/infrastructure
Define TNC
large companies that operate in numerous countries and link different companies
Which river drainage basin is Birmingham located in
Severn
What are 3 nearby market towns to Birmingham
Rugby, Nuneaton, and Burton upon Trent
What are Birmingham’s main transport features
Centre of railway and canal networks
Most major motorways meet in Birmingham
What are Birmingham’s modern features
ICC and NEC bring in 3 million visitors and 1.5 billion pounds to the local economy respectively
High quality restaurants and finance centre in CBD
3 internationally recognised universities
What is the CBD of Birmingham like
Many retail facilities and transport; Mailbox, Bullring and Grand Central
Constant redevelopment; Paradise Circus
High environmental quality but expensive land so high rise buildings
What is the inner city of Birmingham like
Redeveloped by CDA’s to build many tower blocks and terrace housing. Few shops and high crime rate
What is the suburbs of Birmingham like
Mix of private estates and council built with lower population density and few shops or open space
What are is the rural-urban fringe like
Close links to City though transport
Detatched houses
Airports and shopping centres
High air quality
Define a pull and push factor
push = negative pull = positive
Why are pull factors to Migrants for areas like sparkbrook, small heath and ladywood
- availability of cheap terrace housing
- High BME population; shops and places of worship cater to them more
- Close to city centre so easy commuting
How do migrants affect the age structure
Migrants tend to be younger and have children making the population younger
Migrants make an area more ethnically diverse
Define deindustrialisation
factories closing down
What was the slum clearance and redevelopment schemes in Birmingham
1950 inner city Bham had 70% of housing deemed unfit with no hot water or toilet
CDA’s built areas from scratch with modern amenities such as central heating and green space
Many residents moved to the rural urban fringe reducing inner city population
What are CDA’s
Comprehensive Redevelopment Areas
How did transport improve in Birmingham
Development of inner city caused many old factories and houses to be destroyed so factories moved away
Improved transport to rural urban fringe meant workers could live there and work in city
What job losses occurred in Birmingham
Deindustrialisation caused 50,000 in Job losses in Birmingham
Happened due to:
- Lack of space
- Foreign comp.
- derelict environment
How did decentralisation occur in Birmingham
City centre shops closed when Merry Hill opened
10 km from CBD with shops, free parking and good transport links
What economic change occurred in Birmingham
- FDI from BMW and Kraft
- High quality goods like jewellery
- Improved rail to SE England and Bham international Airport
- Government backed enterprise zones and brownfield site regeneration
What gentrification occurred in Birmingham
- Moseley originally for factories became desirable with redeveloped houses
- Popular due to city proximity, QE and UoB
Define Gentrification
Run down areas becoming culturally desirable by wealthier people
Define studentification
socioenvironmental change due to influx of students living there
How has studentification impacted Birmingham
Selly Oak; terraced housing converted into accommodation as students are 80% of population
- Pubs, Clubs and fast food favoured
- Rise in low-level anti social behaviour
What did Longbridge use to be like
MG Rover car factory used to employ more than 25,000 but shut down and left a large brownfield site to be regenerated
How has the MG Rover car factory been regenerated
Turnt into 15,000 sq metres of shops, apartments and a new 8km2 park
New Longbride centre attracts 30,000 shoppers weekly
Proposals included 10,000 jobs
What are the negatives of the Longbridge regeneration
Increased pollution
Bromsgrove and Northfield may lose trade
How is Eastside being regenerated
Area is undergoing 6-8 Billion pound development will create 12,000 jobs and 8,000 in construction
What are the main focuses and positive effects of the Eastside regeneration
- Education centre
- Eastside City Park
- Curzon Park
- Student housing along the Eastside locks
- improved housing and more
- New jobsd and imporved area in decline
What are the negative effects of the eastside regeneration
- higher property prices
- inc. traffic flows
- site will need a lot more infastructure
Define sustainability
meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the needs of future generations
How has Birmigham accomplished sustainability
Encouraging; recycling, green transport, ecohousing and green spaces
How has Birmingham encouraged recycling +
Reduce, reuse and recycle scheme for business repays business
ERF (Energy Recovery Facility) with capacity for 350,000 tonnes of waster and provide power to 40,000 homes
How has birmingham encouraged green transport and spaces+
Clean air zone project ,eams bus piroirty and changes to parking
Green travel districts prioritise green transport over cars
Creation of ULEZ buses after £3.64 million pound grant
Birmingham airport has reduced CO2 emission %20 per passenger
What does Birmingham need Worcestershire for
Workers, water purification, food produce and raw materials
What does Worcestershire need Birmingham for
Jobs, buyer of produce, reneweable energy market, people looking for bigger housing, connections with transport
How has Worcestershire impacted Birmingham population due to its interdependence with it
2004-2014 poulation inc. in Birmingham of 9.9% so more houses and jobs needed. Worcestershire has to supply this sometimes
How has Worcestershire impacted Birmingham demand for housing due to its interdependence with it
Rose by 66% in 2015 which is 6 times amount of houses being built. More houses have to be built in Worcestershire to satisfy the demand
How has Worcestershire impacted Birmingham employment due to its interdependence with it
more people live in rural to commute;
Belbroughton grown from 603 in 1960 to 2400 in 2015 as more people like countryside and higher disposable income
How has Worcestershire and increased leisure time impacted Birmingham due to its interdependence with it
No. of working hours reduced and hours are more flexible. People attracted to Lickey hills
receives 0.5 million people annually
Why are working age people attracted to the country side
Pollution free,safe and cheaper
Why are elderly attracted to the countryside
- Quiet and peaceful
- low pollution
- visually pleasing
Why is avg. car ownership higher in rural areas
As infastructure much worse
What does a higher avg. car ownership mean for public transport
Less people use it so –> cost increases –> services reduces–> elderly cannot go to doctors appointment or other things
What does a high commuter population mean
Commuters use services in city –> rural areas less in demand –> close down most the time –> people lose jobs –> elderly cannot doctors
What is rural diversification
using farmladn for something else rather than purely farming
Why has rural diversification become common
Farmers can no longer support families like 60 years ago due to competitive supermarket prices and cheap abroad options
What are the 2 forms of rural diversification
1) Find other ways to earn money whilst farming; HEP, Bed and Breakfast and farmers market
2) Transforming farms into a different business; camping site, kennels/cattery and golf courses/paintballing
What are the positives of rural diversification
- reliable source of income
- more variety for customers
- cleaner/more sustainable
What are the negatives of rural diversification
- too much holiday accomodation means locals cant live there anymore; too expensive
- honeypot sites become ruined deu to killing biodiveristy and paths worn by feet
- air pollution and traffic congestion
How do we combat the negatives of rural diversification
- Buy locally
- Monitor air quality frequently
- Ropemats and fence off protected areas
