Challenges of Development: Mumbai Flashcards
Factors influencing Mumbai’s growth
- coastal access with naturally deep harbour
- connected to extensive road and rail network
- faces middle east and europe
Mumbai GDP and exports
Mumbai generates more than 1/6th of India’s GDP and 40% of India’s exports come from Mumbai
Mumbai Industrial History
19th century cotton and textile factories from India
Deindustrialisation so became important financial sector
Site problems
migration and could only back up to its long,narrow peninsula
so developed Navi Mumbai
describe Mumbai City Centre
Bank of India, Bank of America and Tata found here
old textile area redeveloped to expensive houses and shopping malls
slums developed near port
describe Mumbai Inner City and Suburbs
first area dominated by slum
Second area developed with railway
New Industry located here due to lower prices and more spaces
Mumbai population growth
-natural increase
-national and international migration
2001-2011 population increased by 3.4 million
effects of high population density in Mumbai
20,692 people per km^2 so:
- very expensive land
- congestion
- slums formed due to price
push factors affecting Mumbai population growth
push factors:
lower farm wages
rural isolation
agricultural revolution
Pull factors for Mumbai`
lots of jobs due to growth
better education, healthcare and leisure
higher wages generally in Mumbai
Mumbai service sector
deindustrialisation in 1980
finance/IT TNCs employed skilled workforce
boom in low skilled work like taxi drivers, cleaners and hairdressers
Dharavi Industry
produces over £350 million a year
anyone can afford Dharavi’s 200 rupees a month
Infrastructure for Dharavi
low cost satellite that costs £2 each
huge population of Dharavi means massive market
challenge of rapid expansion in Mumbai
gov cant have waste disposal for everyone
dumping of 800 million tonnes of untreated sewage
challenge of traffic congestion in Mumbai
1.8 million cars so gridlocked roads and 90% of population uses trains
challenge of housing in Mumbai; chawls and squatter settlements
too high rent leads to:
chawls - unmaintained old buildings in danger of collapse
squatter settlements- people putting up makeshift houses on unsuitable private land
Challenge of slums in Mumbai
lack of water so it is rationed
lack of sanitation so over 500 people share public latrine
challenge of working conditions in Mumbai
- no protection
- long hours
- dangerous work
why is QoL in Mumbai bad
slow,inefficient gov
limit on rent discourages development
corruption
How to improve inequality in Mumbai
- improve access to affordable housing
- improve working conditions for informal
- improve accessibility in poor areas
Political and economic challenges facing Mumbai
- politically v difficult to move squatter settlemens but v expensive to let them stay
- no taxes from informal sector
Gorai Garbage Site Closure
1972-2007
1200 tonnes of solid waste deposited daily
2007 waste lined and methane capture converts gas in hill to energy
Mumbai monorail
first section 3 years late and costed £310 million
cheap tickets but passenger numbers low as it goes through industrial areas instead of old city
only 15,000 take daily, mainly tourists
SPARC Community Toilets
builds toilets at 25 rupees monthly permit price with lights and separate ones for children
Hamara Foundation
200,000 street children so provides education and job skills
2013-14 foundation supported 327 children in going to school and provides vocational training
Agara Microfinance
provides loans for slums
education loans and group loans
25% interest
Improving QoL in Dharavi
Dharavi land is worth £10 billion so redevelopment scheme:
- new affordable housing
- water/sanitation for all residents
- education and healthcare with leisure
Why are people oppossed to Dharavi redevelopment plan
- new housing destroys community so social problems
- dharavi micro-industries cant operate in this plan
What are sustainable cities
city that provides a good QoL for ALL its residents without compromising future residents needs
