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Geography GCSE > Climate Hazards > Flashcards

Climate Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Solar Insulation

A

amount of suns energy

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2
Q

How is solar insulation distrubuted

A

Intense at equator, concentrated dispertion

At poles wide distribution so less intense

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3
Q

How is heat redistrubuted

A

Ocean currents and circulation cells

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4
Q

What causes circulation cells

A

differences in pressure

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5
Q

What do ocean currents do

A

ocean currents bring warm water to colder places by winds

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6
Q

Define wind

A

Movement of air from high –> low pressure.

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7
Q

Describe a circulation cell

A

Sun heats surface causing air to rise and expand creating low pressure and rainfall
After it reaches high enough latitude it cools and sinks back to earth to create high pressure and dry conditions

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8
Q

What happens at the Hadley Cell

A

air reaches about 30 north and south the air cools and sinks forming the subtropical high-pressure zone
Creating an area of little cloud and low rainfall; deserts

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9
Q

What direction do the northeast trade winds go

A

Winds flow to the right and in northern hemisphere

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10
Q

What direction do the south east trade winds go

A

In the southern hemisphere and flow to the left

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11
Q

What winds do the ferrel cell form

A

Air on the surface is pulled towards the poles, forming the warm south-westerly winds in the northern hemisphere and north-westerly winds in the southern hemisphere

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12
Q

How does the ferrel cell cause mid-latitude depressions(UK)

A

westerly winds pick up moisture over oceans and meet cold air at 60 drifted from trhe poles.
Warmer air lighter than cold so it rises causing low pressure at surface; Uk wet and windy weather

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13
Q

What is the polar high caused by the polar cell

A

at the poles, air is cooled and sinks towards the ground forming high pressure, this known as the Polar high.

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14
Q

What happens to air from the polar high

A

Drifts to lower latitudes till it meets warmer air at 60 causing a zone of low pressure called the polar front due to its denseness

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15
Q

What is the tricelluar model

A 
Polar cell
Ferrel Cell
Hadley Cel
Hadley Cell
Ferrel Cell
Polar Cell
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16
Q

What are the bands of pressure

A 
Polar high
Sup-polar low
Sub-tropical high
equatorial low
sub-tropical high
sub-polar low
polar high
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17
Q

Define the ITCZ

A

The ITCZ is a zone of convergence at the thermal equator where the trade winds meet. It is a low pressure belt and migrates with the changing position of the thermal equator.

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18
Q

Why is the ITCZ not straight

A

Landmasses being able to heat quickly and sea releases heat over a long time

19
Q

What impact does the ITCZ have

A

Seasonal as ITCZ moves up and down

heats area to create low pressure and constant rainfall

20
Q

How are deserts created

A

Hot conditions from being near equator but hardly receives rain from ITCZ

21
Q

Define Jet Streams

A

Fast moving jets of air moving in the upper atmosphere

>200mph from west–> east in North Hemisphere

22
Q

What can cause big differences in weather due to jet streams

A

Jet streams can buckle due to polar wind or tropical wind moving south or north respectively

23
Q

What do stationary jet streams cause

A

Bring frequent depressions to the same region

24
Q

What is an example of ocean curents

A

example the gulf stream is a warm ocean current driven by westerly winds. In the north atlantic cold,salty water is heavy and sinks. This sets up a convection current which drags surface water down. The current draws warmer salty water over the ocean surfaces from areas near the equator which cools and sinks in the Labrador and Greenland seas to go back to the Equator where it is warmed again

25
Q

Define radiation

A

the transfer of heat energy by electromagnetic waves without particles

26
Q

Define conduction

A

flow of energy from one particle to another with different temp.

27
Q

Define sunspot theory

A

sunspots show the activity of the sun; lots mean more energy

28
Q

What is evidence for the sunspot theory

A

Maunder minimum; low sunspots when there was the Little Ice Age

29
Q

How does volcanic activity affect the climate

A

eruptions eject ash; circulated by jet streams
ash = global dimming
less heat –> less rainfall –> less evaporation

30
Q

Define Milankovitch Cycles

A

They influence the solar insulation the Earth receives, greatest effect when the 3 cycles combine every 100,000 years

31
Q

What are the 3 Milankovitch Cycles

A

(Stretch) Eccentricity - 100,000 years. Turn more elliptical
o –> 0

(wobble) Precession - 26,000
(tilt) Obliquity - 41,000 years

32
Q

How do asteroids affect the climate

A

1 km sized asteroids strike Earth every 500,000 years

Blocks sun with debris and ash uplifted effects would last 5-10 years

33
Q

define quaternary period

A

current geological peiod which begun 2.6 million years ago.

34
Q

What is the holocene

A

warm priod which began when the ice caps melted in the northern hemisphere 12,000 years ago

35
Q

Define proxy measure

A

indirect measure of a trend when there is no absolute evidence

36
Q

How do we use ice cores as evidence for past climates

A

Best evidence for past climates goes back as far as 800,000 years
Layers contain air bubbles with O2 and CO2 isotopes use these to calculate accurate temp.

37
Q

Define dendrochronology

A

Using tree rings to date past events

38
Q

Why is dendrochronology reliable

A

Warm years trees have wide rings
Cold years have narrow rings
Records can go back 10,000+ years

39
Q

How is Historical sources used to show past climates

A

Source may report weather or indirectly show the weather at that time. Go back 3,000 years

40
Q

Why are historical sources not reliable

A

Biased, fictitious or wrong

41
Q

Define thermal expansion

A

water expands when heated

42
Q

Define the greenhouse effect

A

natrual warming of the earth as grenhouse gases trap energy from the sun

43
Q

Define the enhanced greenhouse effect

A

additional warming caused by humans producing greenhouse gases since 1940

44
Q

What is the evidence for man-made climate change

A
  • Sea level rise
  • warming oceans + bleached coral reefs
  • temp. rise
  • declining arctic sea ice
  • inc. extreme weather events

Geography GCSE (8 decks)

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