Uk in 21st century Flashcards
why is the Uk interested in the middle east
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what happens in stage 1 in the DTM
- birth rate high due to high infant morality = not many children survive to adulthood and there is no access to contraception as people are poor = more children are made
- death rates are also high as there is poor services eg lack of doctors and hospital and education
what happens in stage 2 of the demographic transition model
death rates fall as more people are becoming aware of diseases and diets and nutrition areimproved ass people are becoming more conscious
- but death rate remain steady( high) as people dont know that children are liely to live longer due to better life
- stage 2 have lots of jobs in agriculture so having lots of children are beneficial
what happens stage 3 in the DTM
- birth rate falling to the level of death rate
- improved access to contraception as well as healthcare so people are aware that their children will survive to adulthood
-stage 3 economices focus on manufacturing eg india - healthcare systems improve so death rates fall
what happens in stages 4
- uk in stage 4
- birth rates are low as low infant mortality and good access to contraception
-death rates are low because of good healthcare and high income and education
how well connected is london
- best connected city in the uk
- has 4 airports ( heathrow , Gatwick, city and stansted - heathrow is the 7th busiest airport in the world and transports 75 million passengers each year
- Trains from Kings Cross-St Pancras travel through the Channel Tunnel to Paris, Brussels, and Amsterdam.
how important is london
- london produces $500 bn of wealth each year (roughly 25% of the uk’s GDP
- london is a global financial centre as well as Hong Kong and New york
- lots of hedge funds, investment banks and pension fund operate in London ( mainly Mayfair, Bank and Canary Wharf
how was the populatoin changed in London from 2000 to 2015
- from 2000 - 2015 London was the UK’s fastest growing city - population increased from 7.2 million in 2000 to 8.8 million in 2019
- the main reason of this population growth is because of migration and natural increase
what are some causes of ageing population
- decreasing birth rates as couples are choosing to have fewer children From 1964 to 2018, the average number of children per UK family decreased from 2.9 to 1.7.
and more people are choosing not to have children - increased life expectancy: more older people are becoming more aware of the importance of living a healthy life and having a balanced diet: From 1964 to 2018, life expectancy in the UK increased from 72 to 81.
what is the distrubution of older people in uk
cities generally attract young migrants or people attending university
- rural and coastal areas usually have older populations
what are the recent changes to the Uk’s employment sectors
The number of jobs available in secondary industries have declined over time - this is de-industrialisation this happens because of globalisation, outsourcing , high labour costs
- the number of jobs available in the quaternary industries like software has increased - technical and professional jobs eg cimputing , banking , consulting and law are popular
how have the working hours changed in the UK
how is land used in the UK
- uk mountain areas( scotland) have rough pastures and moorlands. the harsh soil is poor for crops and this is where sheep grazing happens
- Grasslands are found in the West. The mild and wet climate is ideal for grass which forms rich pastures for dairying beef cattle and sheep
-coniferous woodland is found in northern England, Wales and Scotland. Their areas have poor, acidic soils and are in remote, mountainous areas
- urban areas are growing. This outward growth or sprawling urban development is caused by population growth
- arable farming dominates in the east and south because of the climate that is warm, sunny and relatively dry, crops such as cereals, e.g. wheat and barley and vegetables are found here on rich soils eg the Fens in East Anglia
how has the Uk’s population changed since 2001
- the overall population increased by over 4 million people to just over 63 million
-much of this growth was the result of in-migration, particularly from India, Pakistan and Poland - the most rapid increase in migrants was from Poland
-the birth rate has increased slightly - this is partly due to the age profile of the new migrants ( between 20-30) arriving in the UK and starting families - the number of elderly people in the UK rose by about 1 million people to 10.4 million aged over 65 in 2011
what have been major political and economic changes since 1997
- tony blair’s labour government came into power in 1997. Under Tony Blair economic growth and migration to the uk were high
-in 2008 the uk entered into an economic recession caused by the global financial crisis . As the banking system started to collapse the UK government had to step in to support the UK banks and building societies
– VAT was cut to try to encourage consumers to spend money
- the recession caused unemployment to rise from 1.6 million in January 2008 to 2.5 million by the end of October 2009
- at the end of 2009 the UK came out the recession and the economy started to recover
- in 2010, the Labour Party lost the election and was replaced by a coalition government involving the conservatives and liberal democrats
- the new government introduced spending cuts to reduced the country’s huge financial debt - this reduced the budget deficit but meant the NHS and education system received less funding
- strong growth of jobs in the private sector reduced unemployment to below 2.5 million in October 2013
how have working hours changed since 2001
- fathers are working shorter hours: in 2001, 40% of fathers worked 48 hours or more a week; by 2011 this had fallen to 31%
- in 2011, the average number of hours worked a week by full-time employees in the UK was 42.7 - one of the highest figures in the EU
- fathers are also working less at weekends and in the evenings : in 2001; 67% worked in the evening whereas in 2011 the figure had fallen to 50%
- the proportion of households with 2 full-time earners increased from 26% to 29%
-for women,average hours in full-time employment fell from 41 hours to 40 hours a week
what does unilateral mean
involvement by a single country eg the UK spends over 4 billion on foreign aid
what does multilateral mean
involves a group of countries working together eg united nations and European union
what are refugees
people who have been forced to move to a different country often in fear of their lives
what are internally displaced people
people who have been forced out of their homes but who resettle elsewhere within their country
