Mock Flashcards
Leeds improve sustainability
Leeds public transport programme aims to improve transport in Leeds
- making it more faster / reliable and better for environment as Leeds has lots of traffic congestion and growing population = more people need efficient transport options
Aims :
Improve bus services - help buses move faster - better public option
low-emission and fully electric buses, which reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrogen oxide (NOₓ) emissions, improving air quality. The scheme has also expanded bus priority lanes, reducing congestion and making public transport a more attractive alternative to car travel.
Additionally, the programme has improved cycling and walking routes, encouraging more people to use active travel methods instead of cars. This reduces pollution and promotes a healthier lifestyle.
By investing in sustainable transport, LPTIP helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels, cuts emissions, and supports Leeds’ goal of becoming a net-zero carbon city by 2030.
MDG
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were a set of eight global targets established by the United Nations in 2000, aiming to tackle issues such as poverty, education, health, and sustainability by 2015. Ethiopia made significant progress towards several MDGs but did not fully achieve all targets.
One of the most successful areas was poverty reduction (MDG 1). Ethiopia’s economy grew rapidly, and extreme poverty rates fell from 44% in 2000 to around 23% in 2015. However, many rural areas still suffer from food insecurity due to reliance on subsistence farming and vulnerability to droughts.
Another major achievement was in education (MDG 2). Primary school enrolment increased from around 30% in 1995 to over 90% by 2015, due to government investment in free education. However, the quality of education and literacy rates remained lower than the global average, limiting long-term progress.
Ethiopia also made improvements in healthcare (MDGs 4, 5, and 6). Child mortality rates were reduced by more than two-thirds, and maternal mortality dropped significantly due to better access to healthcare services. The spread of diseases such as HIV/AIDS and malaria was also controlled through vaccination and awareness programmes. However, healthcare facilities in rural areas remained underdeveloped.
In contrast, Ethiopia struggled with environmental sustainability (MDG 7). Rapid population growth and deforestation led to land degradation, and access to clean water and sanitation remained a challenge in many regions.
Overall, Ethiopia made strong progress towards the MDGs, particularly in poverty reduction, education, and healthcare, but some goals were only partially met, with rural areas facing persistent challenges.
Ageing population
Increased pressure on healthcare services – Older people are more likely to suffer from chronic illnesses (e.g., heart disease, dementia), increasing demand for hospitals, care homes, and medical staff.
Higher government spending on pensions – As more people retire, governments must fund state pensions, which can strain public finances and lead to higher taxes or raised retirement ages.
Labour shortages – With fewer working-age people, businesses may struggle to find workers, leading to reduced economic productivity and a potential skills gap. Some countries encourage immigration to fill these shortages.
