Dynamic development Flashcards
what are AC countries
- developed countries which have well-developed financial markets and diverse economic structures with rapidly growing service sectors
what are examples of AC countries
UK , USA , JAPAN
What are characteristics of Ac’s
- high levels of per capita income, - advanced technology,
- dominant service sector
- high living standards
- well-developed infrastructure - - - efficient health and educational systems.
what are EDC’s
countries in transition from being low-income developing countries and which don’t share all the economic development characteristics required to be advanced
what are characteristics of EDC’s
- secondary industry and small scale farming
- differences in rich and poor
- ( some) corruption in human rights
- highly enforced military
what are examples of countries that are EDC
mexica
what are LIDC’s
countries that are poor and have a narrow range of jobs and services
what is an example of LIDC
ethiopia
what are pros of the HDI
- having one figure makes it easier to compare data between countries
- looks at multiple factors so more information than just one
- easy to use / calculate
- good indicator of overall development in a country
- shows which countries may need development support or aid
- doesn’t have much bias
- UN is a reliable resource
- looks at social factors as well as economic
what are the cons of the HDI
- still has more focus on economic development, as the GNI is given more weighting in the ranking than other factors
- doesn’t look at political or environmental factors
- not equal weighting
- only looks at 4 factors - could be more extensive
what is the HDI
a composite measure of development including life expectancy , education and income per capita to give countries a score between 0 and 1 ( being more developed)
what 4 factors does the HDI look at
- literacy rate
-average year of schooling - life expectancy
- GNI per capita
what is development
the state of growth or advancement where people and places improve over time through better use of resources
describe the distribution of AC countries
AC: located in North America, Europe and Oceania
describe the distribution of EDC countries
Spread across :
- central and south America
- northern and southern Africa
- eastern europe
- middle east
- asia/ south east asia
describe the distribution of LIDC countries
- sub Sub-Saharan Africa
- south-east asia
- central america
-landlocked countries
what factors makes places more or less developed
- GDP
- BIRTH RATE
- DEATH RATE
- LIFE EXPECTANCY
- INFANT MORTALITY RATE
-LITERACY RATE
what is GDP
Gross domestic product - the monetary value of all the goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a year, including government spending
what is birth rate
the number of babies born every year per 1000 people in a population
what is death rate ( mortality rate )
the number of deaths per 1000 people in the midyear population
what is life expectancy
average number of years that a newborn is expected to live if current mortality rates continue to apply
what is infant mortality rate
the probability of dying between birth and exactly one year of age expressed per 1000 live births
what is literacy rate
the percentage of the population ( older than 15 years ) who can read and write
what is absolute poverty
how many cannot afford their basic human needs , such as food ,safe water and shelter
what is relative poverty
People lack an adequate income for access to services compared to the society around them eg education , healthcare
what human factors have led to uneven development
- politics
- culture
-tech
-healthcare
-history / war
what physical factors have led to uneven development
- natural resources
-climate
-natural hazards
-location + terrain
give 4 factors which limit people from breaking out of poverty
- debt
-trade
-political unrest
-health
how much debt does a new born baby in an LIDC country owe
£503
what is globalistion
the growth and spread of ideas around the world, and can include the movement or spread of money, goods and information.
what is an export
sending good or services to another country for sale
what is an import
to bring a product into a country to be sold
what is a balance of trade
the balance between imports and exports. a positive balance is when a country exports more than it imports
what is political unrest
when political instability eg civil war undermines efforts to develop
what is a top-down strategy
a large-scale, expensive initiative ( usually government led requiring loans from organisations such as the World Bank) to improve development
what is a bottom-up strategy
an improvement scheme led by the local community on a small scale
what is free trade
the free movement of good without control or taxations
what is fair trade
an initiative which offers a higher wage for producers and includes investment in community projects eg sanitation, education or healthcare
what is included in the traditional society
Subsistence economy based on small-scale agriculture with little infrastructure
what is an example of a country that is in the traditional society section
ethiopia
what does AC stand for
Advanced Country
what is a female-headed household
homes where a woman is the main income earner ( men arent possibly through death of the civil war )
what are TNC’s
trans- national corporation - a business which operates all over the world, usually with their headquarters in an Advanced Country and their manufacturing branches in emerging countries
what is GNI
gross national income - the value of products, taxes and income from abroad
what is GNI per capita
an average of the the national GNI per person in $
what is the spiral of decline
a situation in which debt causes dependency which traps countries and prevents them from working their way out of poverty
how is poverty a barrier to ending poverty
Many LIDCs have huge national debts from borrowing from wealthy countries and organisations. with high interest rates, these debts are difficult to wipe out and can lead to a spiral of decline. This situation makes it difficult for these countries to invest in services and infrastructure which can help them to become developed, eg healthcare and education
what is economic development
progress in an economic growth through levels of industrialisation and better use of technology
what is social development
an improvement in people’s standards of living eg clean water and electricity
what is environmental development
Advances in the management and protection of the environment
what is voluntary aid
aid given by individuals to NGO’s ( non governmental organisations) or charities like Oxfam who direct aid to the right places
what is bilateral aid
aid that has “ strings attached” meaning that the receiving country has to give something back ( usually illegal )
what is multilateral aid
- aid provided by many countries and organised by an organisation like united nations
what is official government aid
aid given from one government to another directly, the receiving government then controls spending
what does EDC stand for
Emerging and Developing Countries
what does LIDC stand for
low income developing countries
what is a trade deficit
where the imports and more than the exports
what is a trade surplus
where the exports are more than the imports
what are the differences between a top-down strategy and a bottom-up strategy
top down :
- government led
- large scale
- usually expensive
- often requires money borrowed from overseas
- little community involvement
bottom up:
- led from the ground by local population
- community control but may work with non - governmental organisations ( NGO’s)
- usuallly small scale
-lower cost
what is aid
when a country , organisation or individual gives resources to another country - this can be either money , products , training or technology
what is short - term aid
helps in emergency, such as disaster and involves food , shelter , search etc
what is long - term aid
sustainable if it brings benefits to the economy , society and the environment
what is the GNI of Ethiopia compared to the UK and the world average
ethiopia : $790
Uk: $41,340
world average : $17,840
what is the population of ethiopia
109 million = 12th most populous nation in the world
how reliant is Ethiopia on agriculture
- country is reliant on agriculture with 85% of all exports
how can Rostow’s model help determine Ethiopia’s path of economic development
- With a negative balance of trade, meaning that Ethiopia imports more than it exports and with primary employment dominating the population, it would appear that Ethiopia is in stage 1, BUT the government’s recent spending in healthcare and education = led to improvements in healthcare and education with the arrival of TNC and improving infrastructure
-while traditional practices eg nomadic livestock farming and water collection still happen, these are now being modified by newer technology to improve efficiency and quality of life = Ethiopia beginning to move to stage 2
how do the physical factors of Ethiopia influence development
- Unreliable + unpredictable nature of rainfall - Ethiopia is close to equator, yet due to the relief and to winds, temperatures can vary ( lowland deserts can reach up to 60 degrees while monsoon season can often fail = makes agriculture hard to manage
- inaccessibility, water shortages and infestation of disease-carrying insects, eg mosquitos, prevent use of potentially valuable land = Agriculture remained at a sustenance level till recently. Eastern areas suffer from drought where rainfall is unreliable and limited = Farmers overfarming and overgrazing the remaining land = soil erosion and desertification
what are the sustainable development goals
- goals which focus on improving the quality of life, health, education and reducing poverty, negative environmental and climate change
what are the main exports that ethiopia sells
- vegetables, legumes
- pulses and oilseeds
- livestock
- flowers in highlands
- coffee
what are ethiopia’s main imports
electric filament ( China ) , packaged medicament ( netherlands ) , planes , helicopters and spacecraft ( france )
what are some barriers to Ethiopia’s development
- country is landlocked , natural disasters happen ( droughts, famine ) occur frequently , their history , their government
How has being a landlocked country restricted Ethiopia’s development
- As it is landlocked, it is harder to receive goods from trade /export goods with distant countries as they either have to drive through other countries, which will come at a price or fly the goods in which is equally as expensive.
what percentage of Ethiopia’s GDP is based on agriculture
45%
what percentage of Ethiopia’s workforce is in agriculture
85%
How have natural disasters restricted Ethiopia’s development
Ethiopia frequently suffers from droughts and famine. During these times, farmers cannot grow any crops to sell, so they cannot trade with other countries
what is the top - down strategy advantages in Ethiopia
GERD - HEP
ADVANTAGES: Dam construction is expected to create up to 12,000 jobs, with 11,000 of those for local people
- energy output could be doubled in ethiopia
- major impact on the mitigation of drought and on flood management. A number of important studies indicated that semi-arid and arid countries to be more affected by climate change than temperate countries. GERDP will allow for regulated and sustainable minimum flow levels to be maintained in the dry season.
- Sustainable and regulated flow will also allow for increased agricultural production in downstream, ensuring reliable all season supply to downstream irrigation schemes, thus, reducing harvest losses caused by water shortages during critical growing periods.
-Water conservation is another benefit which will be gained from GERDP. The GERDP will minimize the evaporation loss from dams located in less favourable downstream desert settings. It is estimated 14.3 billion cubic metres (BCM) and 4.7 BCM of water evaporated from the Aswan High Dam and other dams in Sudan annually respectively. By contrast evaporation loss from the full development of the GERDP is likely to be no more than 0.4 BCM.
what are diadvantages to TNC’s in Ethiopia
- Locals are only employed in low-paying jobs
- Highly qualified Ethiopians who are capable of taking up higher positions within TNCs are not given these jobs
- The government takes out massive loans, and cannot pay this debt
- Concerns about sustainability, some of the roads are deteriating
- Dam is so large that it blocks the Nile from local trade
what are advantages to TNC’s in Ethiopia
- Products are tailored to African customers
- New and improved infrastructure
- Helped build new dams are trade links to other countries
- TNCs invest in development, causing economic growth
what are some of the TNC’s in Ethiopia
Hilton Hotels, Siemens, General Electric (GE), Atriflora, Dow Chemicals, H&M, Huajian Shoe Factory
what are the consequences of uneven development
- Wealth: People in more developed countries have higher incomes than less developed countries
- health: Better healthcare means that people in more developed countries live longer than those in less developed countries
- education: more developed countries have better standards of education available than those in less developed countries
what is debt relief
Debt relief is when debts are either reorganised to make them more manageable, or reduced.
what are thee positives and negative of aid
ADVANTAGES:
- Allows for immediate or long-term investment into projects that can develop a country’s prospects
describe and include the advantages and disadvantages of a bottom-up strategy in Ethiopia
how has trade influence Ethiopia’s development
- The economy has been growing at an average of 9% per year
- per person income has grown from $203 in 1990 to $ 1020 in 2022
- Ethiopia’s international trade has increased, and fewer people are now in poverty
what are TNC’s
transnational companies - businesses whose operations are spread across the world, operating in many nations
what does the TNC hilton hotels do in Ethiopia
- new hotel offer variety of leisure and recreation services = creating job opportunities and providing diverse dining option
what does the Siemens TNC do in Ethiopia
focused on manufacturing telecommunications, electrical items and medical technology. company aims to support sustainable development , recognising E Africa’s potential in renewable energy
- the development of wind, thermal and hydro energy could enhance skills developments, generate jobs and contribute to a more inclusive economy
how can debt relief help an LIDC to develop
- More funding for schools, - increasing literacy rates.
- Better healthcare, reducing infant mortality and increasing life expectancy.
- More investment in clean water and sanitation, improving public health.
- Debt relief allows governments to invest in infrastructure, making transportation and trade easier.
what are the disadvantages of the GERD dam in Ethiopia
- Flood 1680 square kilometers of forest in northwest Ethiopia
- Displace approximately 20,000 people
Major concern: climate change risks. Dams in Ethiopia are not being evaluated for how they will be impacted by climate change, nor for how reducing water and othger natural resources for downsteam users will affect their ability to adapt to changing climate - ethiopia has not succeeded in getting outside financing for the project. the government says it will finance the costly project itself
what are the advantages of the GERD dam in Ethiopia
- Dam construction is expected to create up to 12,000 jobs with 11,000 of those for local people
- The dam will provide a bridge across the Nile, improving access across the river for local people and will help boost trade
- power demand of Ethiopia has been growing at an average rate of 25 % per year - to alleviate this challenge GERD will generate electrical power with an installed capacity of 5250 MW with an annual energy production of 15130 GWH/ year and this will increase the current ethiopian electricity supply by 3 times AND the power will also be exported to other East African countries to improve the coverage of electricity
- project will have major impact on the mitigation of drought and flood management . Semi Arid and arid countries are more affected by climate change that temperate countries so GERD will allow for regulated and sustainable minimum flow levels to be maintained in dry season = allow for increased agricultural production = reducing harvest loss
what are the political factors that influence ethiopia’s development
- suffered from various civil and military unrest
- Derg government ( 1974-1987) killed thousands and terrorised people to cause many to migrate as refugee
- government is now stable since being a republic in 1991
what are the social factors which influence Ethiopia’s development
- 1984 - 85 famine killed a million peope in 1 year due to drought and high food prices
- growing populaiton is causing a food deficit
- peoplle have a growing trust of the government but free speech is still limited
what are the physical factors affecting Ethiopia’s development
- rainfall in the country is unpredictable . this makes agriculture difficult
- inaccessibility , water shortages and infestations make valuable land difficult to farm
- dorught affecting areas has caused over farming and desertification
what are the economic factors influencing ethiopia’s development
- agriculture makes up
how successful is Ethiopia in meeting the millennium development goals
+ ethiopia is on track with primary education , reducing child mortality and healthcare
+ access to clean drinking water improved from 14% in 1990 to 57% in 2015
+ malaria mortality fell by 73% between 2000 and 2015
+ 64% increase in child vaccinations = better health outcomes and reduce child mortality
+ primary school enrollement increased from 20% in 1996 to over 85% in 2015
+ literacy rates for 15 -24 year olds increased to 69.5% in 2015
- over 20 million ethiopians still live in absolute poverty
- malnutrition still at large - around 27% of children under 5 were serverely underweight , reflecting both acute and chronic malnutrition
- gender based violence and inequality at large as 26.5% women aged 15-49 experienced physical violence by carrent or former partner
