ugh! ugh! ang sarap ng hemoflagellates Flashcards
Which hemoflagellate form is intracellular?
small trypomastigotes
Trypomastigotes can be recovered in the cardiac muscle of chronically infected patients with chagas disease?
T OR F
True
Is trypanosomiasis present in the philippines?
no. african trypanosomiasis nga, panong meron sa pinas?
True or false: the montenegro skin test is a diagnostic test for American trypanosomiasis
False. The Montenegro skin test, also known as the leishmanin skin test, is a diagnostic test for another parasitic disease called leishmaniasis, not American trypanosomiasis, which is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi
Among the types of Leishmaniasis, which is
considered as an important opportunistic
infection in people living with AIDS?
Visceral Leishmaniasis
Hemoflagellates
give 5 hierarchy
- Subphylum mastigophora
- class zoomastigophora
- Order kinetoplastida
- genus trypanosoma
- genus leishmania
Generalities of hemoflagellates
- include 2 genera of public health importance
- organisms possess a kinetoplast
- vector-borne parasites of huimans
- consists of amastigote, promastigote, epimastigote, and trypomastigote developmental stages
( APET )
Disease caused by trypanosoma brucei gambiense
West African Sleeping Sickness
Mode of transmission for trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Inoculation of the infective stage through the bite of tsetse flies (Glossina palpalis)
Where are amastigotes present in early infection of animals
Choroid plexus
Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
- localized edema in the choroid plexus
- lymphoid hyperplasia
- progressive leptomeningitis
- immunosuppression
- Winterbottom’s sign (WBS)
Diagnosis Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
- microscopic e3xam of chancre fluid, lymph node aspirates, bone marrow, and CSF
- thick and thin blood smear
- quantitative buffy coat (QBC)
- isolation of parasites through inoculation of experimental rats
- antibody detection
- molecular detection
Treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
- Melarsoprol
- suramin
- pentamidine
Prevention & control for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
- vector control
- wearing protective clothing
- application insecticides
- use of bed netting, insect repellants, and screening
Parasite that causes East african sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
MOT of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
inoculation of the infective stage through the bite of tsetse flies (glossine pallidipes and Glossina mortisans)
The more virulent form of HAT (human african trypanosomiasis
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Pathogenesis of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
- Shorter incubation period compared with WASS
- Winterbottom sign may not be observed
- Early involvement of CNS
- Glomerulonephritis
Disease caused: Chagas disease
Trypanosoma cruzi
MOT of Trypanosoma cruzi
Contamination of infected fecus of reduviid bug
Is transmitted through the saliva of reduviid bug.
T. rangeli
Trypanosoma cruzi pathogenesis
- severe in children less than 5 yrs old
- chagoma
- Romanas sign
- gastrointestinal involvement
- megaesophagus
- megacolon
- dilated cardiomyopathy
Diagnosis of trypanosoma cruzi Acute:
- microscopic examination of blood smears
- microscopic examination of CSF
Diagnosis of trypanosoma cruzi Chronic:
- antigen detection (machado-guerreiro)
- RIA
- immunodiagnosis
- molecular testing
Treatment
- nitrofurfurylidine derivative nifurtimox
- benznidazole
- allopurinol
Epidemiology of trypanosoma cruzi
- south america
- the united states
Prevention and control
- vector control
- construction of reduviid proof housing
- spraying programs
- potential vaccine development
Leishmania species is divided into?
Old world and new world
Leishmania spp. old world:
L. tropica, L. aethiopica, L. major
Leishmania new world:
L. mexicana, L. amazonensis, L. guyanensis, L. braziliensis, L. chagasi
Vector-borne (leishmania spp.) Old world:
Phlebotomus sandfly
Vector-borne (leishmania spp.) new world:
Lutzomyia
is leishmania spp. an obligate intracellular parasite? is it a zoonotic disease? SAGOT!
PAREHONG OO
MOT of leishmania spp.
Congenitally, blood transfusions, contamination of bite wounds, direct contact with contaminated specimens
Pathogenesis of leishmania spp. (4 categories)
- cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL)
- diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis(DCL)
- mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL)
- Visceral leishmaniasis (VL)
Species of leishmania genus
- L. donovani complex (L. donovani, L. chagasi, L. infantum)
Acute phase of visceral leishmaniasis may be mistaken for?
- malaria
a dermatological condition that can occur after a person has been infected with the parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar.
Post-Kala-azar dermal
parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis
Kala-Azar
This species is responsible for causing visceral leishmaniasis (also known as kala-azar)
Leishmania donovani
This species can cause both visceral leishmaniasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis
Leishmania infantum
Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis can cause
- cutaneous eruption resulting in hypopigmented
macules, malar erythema, nodules,
and ulcerations
Diagnosis for Leishmania spp.
- microscopic
- culture
- animal inoculation (hamsteR)
- montenegro skin test
- immunologic assays
- PCR
- RFLP analysis
