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bading lang pwede mag click > paragaytology > Flashcards

paragaytology Flashcards

1
Q

2 ways animals can obtain food at expense of other animals

A

Predation, Scavenging

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2
Q

Difference of predation from scavenging

A

Predation - pumapatay ng hayop tapos kain
scavenging - kumakain na ng patay na hayop kadiri

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3
Q

Symbiosis

A

“Living together”. Refers to association of two species for food and shelter.

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4
Q

Commensalism`

A

“eating at the same table”. beneficial for one and at least not disadvantageous to other.

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5
Q

3 types of symbiosis

A

Commensalism, Mutualism, parasitism,

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6
Q

Mutualism

A

Specialized type of symbiosis where organisms are beneficial to each other.

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7
Q

Parasitism

A

1 animal lives at the expense of the host.

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8
Q

What is medical parasitology

A

a branch of biology that is focused on the animal parasites of humans and their medical significance and public health impact.

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9
Q

An organism that depends

A

parasite

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10
Q

an organism that provides shelter and norusishment

A

host

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11
Q

Types of host

A

Definitive or final host, intermediate host, paratenic host, reservoir host.

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12
Q

Harbors the adult or sexually mature stage of parasite

A

Definitive or final host

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13
Q

definitive host for lymphatic filarial worms that cause elephantiasis and trypanosomes that cause african trypanosomiasis

A

humans

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14
Q

The defiinitive host for plasmodium spp. that causes malaria.

A

Anopheles mosquito

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15
Q

Harbors the larval stages or asexual forms of the parasites

A

Intermediate host

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16
Q

harbors the early larval stage of the parasites

A

first intermediate host

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17
Q

what is an intermediate host of all the trematodes

A

snail

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18
Q

Blood feeding arthropods intermediate hosts?

A

Mosquitos, tsese flies, sandflies, triatomid bugs

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19
Q

a blood feeding arthropod

A

vector

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20
Q

used to describe a vector which assist in the transfer of a prasitic form between hosts but is not essential in the life cycle of parasite

A

mechanical vector

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21
Q

does parasitic development occur in the vector?

A

no idiot!

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22
Q

example of a mechanical vector

A

a fly that transfers amoebic cysts from infected feces to food/drink that is consumed by humans

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23
Q

what is a non arthropods mechanical vector called?

A

transport or paratenic host

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24
Q

in such host, a parasite remains viable but does not develop.

A

transport or paratenic host

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25
Q

harbors the infective larval stage of the parasite.

Example: snail, fish, vegetable, crabs, ants

A

Second intermediate host

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26
Q

harbors the parasite in an underdeveloped or in arrested state of development

A

Paratenic host

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27
Q

Alternative host to a parasite that is harbored normally by humans

A

Resorvoir host

28
Q

host the continues life cycle of the parasite and acts as an additional source of infection

A

resorvoir host

29
Q

pigs are known resorvoir host of

A

balantidium coli

30
Q

when normal host is an animal pero nakaabot sa human,

examples:
- Leishmaniasis
- south american trypanosomiasis
- african trypanosomiasis
- schistosomiasis (S. japonicum)
- trichinellosis
- echinococcosis.

A

zoonosis

31
Q

Organisms that depend on the host for survival

A

Parasite

32
Q

Types of parasites

A
  1. Obligate parasite
  2. Facultative
  3. Temporary parasite
  4. intermittent parasite
33
Q

Organism cannot survive in any other manner in the absence of a host

A

Obligate parasite

34
Q

Organism may exist in a free-living state or as a commensal, but if there is oppurtunity may become parasitic

A

Facultative

35
Q

Obligatory at one or more stages of their life cycle but free livings at others.

A

Temporary parasite

36
Q

Small organisms, such as mosquitoes which must periodically seek out other and larger forms on which to nourish themselves.

A

Intermittent parasite

37
Q

These are parasites that visit their host during feeding time.

A

Intermittent parasite

38
Q

Parasites living within the host

A

Endoparasite

39
Q

Parasites found on the surface of the body

A

ectoparasite

40
Q

is due to increased resistance to the enzymatic activities of the host

A

preadaptive changes

41
Q

only group of protozoans that contain nothing but parasitic forms:

A

Phylum apicomplexa and microsporidia

42
Q

most of the free living turbellarian flatworms are provided with what at adult stage.

A

wala to nalimutan q tamang answer

43
Q

parasitic specialized attatchment organs of parasitic flatowmrs

A

suckers

44
Q

most of these species barely attain naked-eye visibility as adults

A

nematodes

45
Q

Loss of certain metabolic pathways common to free-living organisms.

A

Streamlining

46
Q

in its cercarial stage has penetration glands which produce enzyme capable of digesting the skin

A

blood fluke (schistosoma)

47
Q

during its embryonic stage prior to developing into a cysticeroid larva, penetrates an intestinal villus with the help of the six hooklets it bears

A

hymenolepis nana

48
Q

Giant intestinal fluke - may produce local severe local damage to intestinal wall by means of its powerful suckers.

A

Fasciolapis buski

49
Q

Erodes the intestinal wall, destroying the tissues locally by means of a proteolytic enzyme

A

Entamoeba histolytica

50
Q

pathogenic species of of malarial parasite

A

Plasmodium falciparum

51
Q

Invade and multiply in red blood cells, which are destroyed in the process. may attach to the walls of smaller blood vessels in the brain, causing localized ischemia

A

Plasmodium falciparum

52
Q

by virtue of their size may damage the host in other ways impossible for smaller parasites

A

helminths

53
Q

giant intestinal roundworm. May perforate the bowel wall, cause intestinal obstruction if present in large numbers and ectopically may invade the appendix, bile duct, and other organs

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

54
Q

Parasites that exert their effects by depriving the host of essential substances.

give mo yung example ng mga kumukuha ng iron and anong sakit pwede makuha there

A

Human hookworkms :

  1. ancylostoma duodenale
  2. necator americanus

may cause microcytic hypochromic anemia

55
Q

Broad fish tapeworm

A

Dibothriocephalus latus

56
Q

Dibothriocephalus latus old name

A

Diphyllobothrium latum.

57
Q

Selectively removes B12 from the alimentary tract, producing a megaloblastic anemia in some infected persons

A

Dibothriocephalus latus

58
Q

having sickle cell anemia creates increased resistance to what?

A

Plasmodium falciparum infection

59
Q

Duffy null phenotype demonstrates resistance to whaT?

A

Plasmodium vivax infection

60
Q

high protein diet is unfavorable for the development of

A

many intestinal protozoans

61
Q

a low protein diet favors

A

appearance of symptoms of amoebiasis

62
Q

a rich carbohydrate favors the development of certain

A

tapeworms.

63
Q

primary infection with leishmania seems to give you a degree of immunity to reinfection or not?

A

it gives xd

64
Q

In encysting protozoans, their infective stage is called?

A

cyst

65
Q

Non-encysting protozoan, their infective stage is called?

A

trophozoite

66
Q

Infective stage is called the embryonated egg

A

egg laying nematodes

67
Q
A

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