Ucsp Rev Flashcards
scientific study of man or human
beings.
Anthropology
the study of human
Cultural Anthropology
are culture,
cultural relativism, fieldwork, human diversity,
holism, bio-cultural focus.
Anthropological perspectives
the study of human social
relationships and institutions
Sociology
introduces the
discipline of sociology, including its history,
questions, theory, and scientific methods; and
what distinguishes it from other social science
disciplines.
Sociological perspective
Three Major Theoretical Perspectives:
- Functionalist perspective
- Conflict perspective
- Symbolic interaction perspective.
a social science that deals with
humans and their interactions; it essentially
deals with the large-scale actions of humans,
and group mentality
Political Science
studies the
tendencies and actions of people which cannot
be easily quantified or examined.
Political science perspective
a group of people with common
territory, interaction, and culture. The definition
of society has two types: the functional
definition and the structural definition.
Society:
a group of people with common
territory, interaction, and culture. The definition
of society has two types: the functional
definition and the structural definition.
Society:
Reasons people live together as a society:
- For survival
- Feeling of gregariousness
- Specialization
Characteristics of Society
- It is a social system
- It is relatively large
- It socializes its members and from those from
without - It endures, produces and sustains its
members for generations. - It holds its members through a common
culture - It has clearly-defined geographical territory
Major Functions of Society:
- It provides a system of socialization
- It provides the basic needs of its members
- It regulates and controls people’s behavior
- It provides the means of social participation
- It provides mutual support to the members
Ways by which a society is dissolved:
- When the people kill each other through civil
revolution - When an outside force exterminates the
members of the society - When the members become apathetic
among themselves or have no more sense of
belongingness - When a small society is absorbed by a
stronger and larger society by means of
conquest or territorial absorption - When an existing society is submerged in
water killing all the people and other living
things in it
shared patterns of behavior and
associated meanings that people learn and
participate in within the groups to which they
belong.
Culture
rich diversity in social
patterns that different human group exhibit
around the world.
Cultural Variation
patterns or traits that are
globally common to all societies.
Cultural Universals:
Characteristics of Culture
From the Perspective of Sociologists:
- Dynamic, flexible and adaptive
- Shared and maybe challenged
- Learned through socialization or
enculturation - Patterned social interactions
- Learned through socialization or
enculturation - Requires language and other forms of
communication
From the Perspective of Anthropologist:
- Learned
- Symbolic
- Systemic and Integrated
- Shared
- Encompassing
Functions of Culture:
- It serves as the “trademark” of the people in
the society - It gives meaning and direction to one’s
existence - It promotes meaning to individual’s existence
- It predicts social behavior
- It unifies diverse behavior
- It provides social solidarity
- It establishes social personality
- It provides systematic behavioral pattern
- It provides social structure category
- It maintains the biological functioning of the
group - It offers ready-made solutions to man’s
material and immaterial problems - It develops man’s attitude and values and
gives him a conscience.
Elements of Culture
Symbols
Language
Technology
Values
Beliefs
Norms
anything that is used to stand for
something else. It is anything that gives
meaning to the culture.
Symbols
known as the storehouse of
culture.
Language
application of knowledge and
equipment to ease the task of living and
maintaining the environment.
Techhnology
culturally defined standards for what
is good or desirable.
Values
conceptions or ideas of people have
about what is true in the environment around
them like what is life, how to value it and how
one’s believed on the value of life relate with
his or her interaction with others and the world.
Beliefs
specific rules/standards to guide for
appropriate behavior.
Norms
There are two types of
norms.
➔ Proscriptive norm
➔ Prescriptive norm
(discouraging negative behavior; for example, “do not cheat”).
those that express what people should not do
Proscriptive Norm
(encouraging positive behavior; for example,
“be honest”) prescriptive (or injunctive) norms state what people.
Prescriptive Norms
three forms of norms.
Mores
Folkways
Laws
behaviors that are learned and
shared by a social group that we often refer to
as “customs” in a group that are not morally
significant, but they can be important for social
acceptance.
- No serious Consequences kung hnd sinunod
(hnd ikkamatay & hnd ka nmn makukulong)
Folkways
are norms of morality, or right and
wrong, and if you break one it is often
considered offensive to most people of a
culture. Sometimes a more violation can also be
illegal, but other times it can just be offensive.
- Control of moral and ethical behavior
- Standards na dapat sundan
Mores
are norms that are actually defined as
being legal or illegal. The government has
decided these norms are so important that you
could get in trouble for breaking them.
- Same w/ Mores, both talks about Control of
moral and ethical behavior
- Written Rules
Laws
Components of Culture
Material Culture
Non Material Culture
refers to the physical objects,
resources, and spaces that people use to define
their culture.
Material Culture
refers to the nonphysical
ideas that people have about their culture,
including beliefs values, rules, norms, morals,
language, organizations and institutions.
Non Material Culture
Adaptation of Culture
Parallelism
Diffusion
Convergence
Fission
Acculturation
Assimilation
Accommodation
same culture may take place in
two or more different places.
Parallelism
refers to those behavioral patterns
that pass back and forth from one culture to
another.
Diffusion
qtakes place when two or more
cultures are fused or merged into one culture
making it different from the original culture.
Convergence
takes place when people break away
from their original culture and start developing
a different culture of their own.
Fission
process wherein individuals
incorporate the behavioral patterns of other
cultures into their own either voluntarily or by
Acculturation
when the culture of a larger
society is adopted by a smaller society, that
smaller society assumes some of the culture of
the larger society or cost society.
Assimilation
when the larger society and
smaller society are able to respect and tolerate
each other’s culture even if there is already a
prolonged contact of each other’s culture.
Accommodation
Variation between Cultures
Ethnocentrism
Culture Shock
Culture Relativism
the regard that one’s
own culture and society is the center of
everything and seen as the most
efficient and superior among the
cultures in the world.
Ethnocentrism
feeling of disoriented,
uncertain, out of place or even fearful
when immersed in an unfamiliar
culture.feeling of disoriented,
uncertain, out of place or even fearful
when immersed in an unfamiliar
culture.
Culture Shock
the practice by
assessing a culture by its own standards
rather that viewing it through the lens
of one’s own culture. It has its
advantages:
Culture Relativism
➔ It promotes cooperation
➔ Respect and equality is encouraged
➔ It preserves human cultures
➔ Cultural relativism creates a society
without judgement.
Other Important Terms Related to Culture
- Cultural diversity
- Sub-culture
- Culture Lag
- Culture Shock
- Ideal Culture
- Real Culture
- High Culture
- Popular Culture
- Culture Change
a natural process of biological
changes occurring in a population across
successive generations.
Evolution
“Manlike Primates”
Hominids
“Handy Man”
Homo Habilis
“The Upright Man”
Homo Erectus
“The Thinking Man”
Homo Sapiens
Four Biological Capacity of Human to Develop
Culture
➔ Our thinking capacity
➔ Our gripping capacity
➔ Our speaking capacity
➔ Our walking/standing capacity
Cultural Period
➔ Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age)
➔ Neolithic Age (New Stone Age)
➔ Age of Metals
Use of simple pebble tools.
Learned to live in caves.
Discovered the use of fires.
Developed small sculptures; and monumental painting, incised designs, and reliefs on the wall of caves”Food-collecting cultures”
Paleolithic Age (old stone age)
3 million years to 8,000 B.C.
Settlement in permanent villages.
Dependence on domesticated plants or animals.
Appearance of such crafts as pottery and weaving.
“Food-producing cultures”
Neolithic Age (New Stone Age)
occurred sometime in 10,000 BCE
The used of metal such as bronze, copper, and iron produced a new historical development form cradles civilization of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, including India and China which later on spread throughout Asia.
The civilization which defines to a more developed social, cultural, political and economic system.
It had already direct contacts through tribes, kingdoms, empire and later on state which the constant political activities were through conquest, wars and trade.
Age of Metal
4,000 - 1,500 B.C.
Types of Society
➔ Hunting and Gathering Society
➔ Horticultural and Pastoral Society
➔ Agrarian Society
➔ Industrial Society
Very simple - fire, arrow, baskets
Bare necessities no surplus
Nomadic 25-40 people
All resting within Family
Hunting and Gathering Society
Digging sticks, occasionally blade tools.
Semi- permanent - some cities occasionally kingdoms.
Horticultural And Pastoral Society
Irrigation, Fertilization, Metallurgy, Animal-drawn plow.
Permanent urbanization becoming important, empires covering continent.
Agrarian Society
Advance sources of energy; Mechanized production.
Complex set of interdependent institutions.
Industrial Society
refers to the culture, language, social
structures and one’s position within that
particular society.
➔ Gender Stereotypes
➔ Race
Context
comprise the work of
socialization.
Content and Process
the outcome of socialization and
refer to the way a person conceives and
conducts after undergoing this process.
Results
WHO DECIDES WHAT IS GOOD FOR THE
SOCIETY?
Human Dignity, Rights, and the Common Good
respect and acknowledge of an
individual person, a human being.
Human Dignity
legal, social, ethical principles of
freedom or entitlement; are the fundamental
normative rules about what is allowed of
people or owed to people, according to some
legal system.
Human Rights
the sum of those conditions of
social life which allow social groups and their
individual members, relatively thorough and
ready to access to their own fulfillment.
Common Good
Devians Typology by?
Robert K. Merton
