Fabm Rev Flashcards
The objective of the closing process is to zero-out balances of nominal accounts such as:
- Income accounts
- Expense accounts
- Owner’s drawing account
Procedures in closing the books
- Close income to profit or loss summary
- Close expense accounts to profit or loss summary
- Close the profit or loss summary to the capital account
Total Income accounts > Total Expense accounts = Profit
Total Expense accounts > Total Income accounts = Loss
Preparation of the post-closing trial balance
The result would only show assets, liabilities and equity because the expense, income
and drawings accounts are zeroed in the closing process
is an adjusting entry of the current period that is reversed and recorded as an opening
entry in the following accounting period.
● is an optional procedure in the accounting process.
● The purpose is to facilitate the recording of expenses and income in the following
Reversing entries
Reversible adjusting entries
- Accruals
a) Accrued expense
b) Accrued income - Deferred income under the income method
- Prepaid expense under the expense method
Non-reversible adjusting entries
- Provision for depreciation expense
- Provision for supplies expense
- Bad debts expense
- Deferrals under the liability method
- Prepayment under the asset method
2 inventory systems in practice
periodic and perpetual system.
buys goods and sells them to customers for a profit.
A merchandising business
goods bought by the merchandising business from its suppliers are called
purchases.
The merchandiser add-up a value to the purchase prices of goods and charges
total amount to the customer
total amount charged to customers is called
sales
agreed selling price of goods
sales, purchases
This is an established price or general price list before deducting any discounts.
List Price
This is list price less any trade discounts.
* gross billable amount by the seller to the buyer.
* indicated in the billing statement of the seller.
Invoice price
Also called volume discount or quantity discount,
* usually given when the buyer is a fellow merchandiser in order to allow him profit for the resale of
the goods to his customers.
Trade discount
Also called settlement discount
* additional discount to the invoice price aside from the trade discount which is given to the buyer
for early payment.
Cash Discount
period of time granted by the seller to the buyer
Discount Period
- Net 30 or n/30
due within 30 days from the invoice without discount.
* n/60 due within 60 days without discount, and so on.
1/15, n/30
is due within 30 days but the buyer is entitled to 1% discount if the invoice is paid within 15 days
- 2/10, 1/15, n/60
is due for payment in 60 days but the buyer will be given a 2% discount if he makes payment
within 10 days
* 1% if he makes payment beyond 10 days but within 15 days.
2/EOM, n/60
is due for payment in 60 days but the buyer shall be entitled to 2% cash discount if payment is
made on or before the end of the month of purchase.
to record the cost of goods
* This is normally a debit balance.
Purchases
to record the transport cost of the goods purchased.
* This is an adjunct account (addition) to the purchases account;
* it has normal debit balance.
fREIGHT IN
used for the agreed reduction in the price of goods.
* normally given by the supplier on account of early payment.
* is a contra-account to the purchase account;
* normal credit balance
Purchahse Discount
to record the cost of merchandise returned to the supplier and including price reductions to the
purchase which is granted by a supplier on account of unsatisfactory goods delivered.
* this is normally a credit balance.
Purchcase return and Allowances
to record advance payments
* purchased in the future
* asset account and has a normal debit balance.
Advances to Supplier
if the purchased goods have been paid in cash and the supplier
agreed to return cash in the future for the goods returned.
Receivable from supplier
if the supplier agreed to offset the price of goods returned against future
purchases of the business from the supplier
Advances to supplier
to record the selling price of goods to a customer.
* normal credit balance
Sales
to record the transport cost of the goods sold to customers.
* is a separate expense account and is not a contra-account to the sales account.
* called delivery expense.
Freight out
to record the agreed reduction in the price of goods sold to customers.
* equivalent of purchase discount in the buyer’s perspective.
* is a contra-account to the sales account
* normal debit balance.
Sales Discount
used under periodic inventory system to record the amount of sales returned bv customers
* is also a contra-account to the sales account
* normal debit balance.
Sales returns and allowances
representing advance payment made by a customer
- to be delivered in the future
- liability account
- normal credit balance.
advances from customer
- if the customer agreed to offset the amount of goods returned for his
future credit purchases
Advances from customer
Ownership to the goods transfer to the buyer from the moment the goods leave the warehouse of
the seller
* sales shall be recorded from the moment the goods are delivered.
* the buyer shall be responsible for freight.
FOB Shipping Point
- ownership to the goods transfer to the buyer from the moment the goods arrive at the warehouse
of the buyer which is normally the delivery receipt date. - sales shall be recorded the moment the client acknowledges delivery.
- The seller still owns the goods in transit the seller shall be responsible for freight.
FOB Destination
the freight shall be paid by the seller to the freight or cargo forwarder upon release of the goods in
his premises
Freight Prepaid
the freight shall be paid by the buyer to the freight or cargo forwarder upon arrival of the delivery in
his premises
Freight Collect
2 Methods of Recording Purchases and Sales
Gross Method
Net Method
the amount of purchases or sales to be recorded includes the possible cash discount.
Gross Method
the amount of purchase or sales to be recorded excludes the 1 possible cash discount
Net Method
this is applicable when goods are homogenous in nature and are relatively inexpensive;
* Might not be effective when frequent reporting is required or when high volumes are at stake when
detailed monitoring may be essential for internal control.
Periodic System
a record of each item of inventory is maintained with the use of stock cards or bar codes.
* the beauty of it is that the business know exactly the lost of the goods sold at the point of sale by
referring to the stock card of the item sold or to the computer codes which identifies the item
sold.
* is expensive to implement because the business entity has to develop a stock card system or
invest in a point-of-sale (POS) machines or computers to facilitate inventory monitoring.
Perpetual System
ASSETS = LIABILITIES + EQUITY - Accounting equation
is a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events that have the potential to produce economic benefits.
● An item is an asset if it is a resource controlled by the company and potential to produce
economic benefits.
● means that, whether directly or indirectly, the asset can be converted to cash.
● Control means that the company can either prevent unauthorized access to those
benefits or transfer those benefits to others.
Assets
- are claims of creditors and owners, respectively.
- Claims of creditors on the assets of the company are legally superior to that of the owners.
- Creditors require payments of principal and interest. In the event of the company’s closure, the
owners are entitled to the remaining assets only after all the liabilities are settled. - There is no legal obligation for companies to pay back the owners for their investment in the
company.
Liabilities
INVENTORY
asset
prepaid expense
asset
Intangibe assets
asset
ACCOUNTS PAYABLE
● NOTES PAYABLE
● ACCRUED EXPENSE
● UNEARNED INCOME
● LONG-TERM LIABILITIES
Liabilities
OWNER’S, CAPITAL
OWNER’S, DRAWINGS
equity
money owned by the company.
cash
Cash kept in the company’s premises is called
cash on hand
refers to money in the bank which can be kept in a savings
or checking account.
cash in bank
are not categorized as cash.
Time deposit
refers only to funds readily available to be spent on the
company’s operations
Ending cash balance
are used for paying suppliers, utilities, employee salaries, and others. It
also funds the acquisition of assets. It is also used for the settlement of obligations.
Cash outflow
are sourced from the contribution of owners, proceeds from borrowings,
sale of assets, or collections from customers.
Cash inflow
Those with a term of up to 90 days are reported as
Cash Equivalents
Those that mature longer than 90 days are reported
investments
A check that is not presented to the bank for payment dated Six (6) after months from
the date of issue is
“stale” and is not reported as cash.
is a general term that refers to the company’s right to collect or claim payment. The right to collect comes from unpaid sales or lending activities.
Receivables
is another kind of receivable. It is evidenced by a promissory note (PN).
PN is a legal document with the following details
Notes receivable
account reports the cost of unsold merchandise. __________of
a trading business contains merchandise held for resale
Inventory account
The owner places his goods ___________ on the premises of the store owner
* The store is not obligated to purchase the goods.
* The owner may also withdraw his unsold goods from the store.
Consignments
or prepayments refer to future expenses that the company had paid
for in advance. It is placed in this account until the services or items are used and
become expenses
Prepaid Expense
are long-term assets that are used in the operations of the company. These are
classified as long-term assets (or non-current assets) because these assets will be used in the business for more than one year.
PROPERTY,PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
The process of recognizing the asset is called
CAPITALIZATION
have no tangible properties, These are assets that you cannot see or touch.
● Some examples are patent, copyright, brand name, and trademark.
INTANGIBLE ASSETS
is a grant conferred by the government to the creator of an invention, whether a
product or a process, for the sole right to make, use, and sell that invention for a
specified period
Patent
protects the legal rights of owners of intellectual property such as authors of
books or writers of songs
Copyright
refers to a word or words used to identify a specific product and its
manufacturer.
Brand name
is a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise
from those of other enterprises.
Trademark
These are obligations that the company are required to pay
● Payment for liabilities may be in cash, goods, or services.
Liabilities
Two kinds of payables:
- Accounts payable
- Notes payable
obligations to the supplier of inventories
Accounts receivable
obligations evidenced by a promissory note.
Notes receivable
refers to the unpaid expenses of the company as of the cut-off date of the SFP.
● an expense that is already incurred but not yet paid
● There are many kinds of accrued expenses such as salaries payable, utilities payable,
rent payable, and interest payable
● Post-paid service plans are accounted for as accrued expenses until payment is made to
the phone company.
Accrued Expense
Customer payments or deposits are received before the delivery of goods or services.
● These will not count as Sales or Revenue until deliveries or the rendering of services are
made.
Unearned income
refer to obligations with due dates that fall more than one year from the date of the SFP.
● is part of the financing activities of the company.
Long term Liabilities
is the net assets of the business.
● It is composed of the owners’ investments and the accumulated net income of the
company and net of any distributions to the owners
● It reflects the portion of the asset that belongs to the owners of the business.
Equity
