UCSP Flashcards
- “Social animal and by nature s/he is a political being”
- To live in the state and to be a man were identical
Aristotle
- “State is necessary because it comes into existence due to basic needs of life”
- It continues to remain for the sake of good life
- Aims, desires and aspirations of human beings are translated into action through state
Niccolo Machiavelli
“State is people organized for law within definite territory”
Woodrow wilson
Independent political entity with geographical boundaries
State
Can not exist without sovereignty
State
Refers to/has fixed territory
State
Large body of people united by common origin, culture, ethnicity and language
Nation
Refers to group of people
Nation
No need sovereignty
Nation
Has 4 elements
State
Possesses original powers
State
Permanent and continues forever
State
Abstract and invisible
State
Part of state
Government
Powers of government derived from state
Temporary. Can be replaced with people’s will
Government
Concrete and visible
Government
- Power of state to regulate freedom and property rights
- To protect public safety, health and morals or to promote convenience and general prosperity
- Welfare of people is the supreme law
Police Power
Power to impose tax on individuals and properties to support the government
Taxation
Right of state to use or destroy property of subjects for the ends of public utility or extreme necessity but with compensation
Eminent Domain
persons belonging to same class taxed at same rate
Uniform Taxation
as resources becomes higher, his rate likewise increase
Progressive Taxation
tax according to taxpayers’ capacity to pay
Equitable Taxation
System of government basing its legitimacy on the participation of people
Democracy
Total sovereignty is invested in one person, a head of state called ______, who holds the position until death or abdication
Monarchy
Types of Monarch: based on divine right
Absolute
Types of Monarch: monarchs are little more than symbolic heads of state; actual governing is responsibility of elected officials
Constitutional
- Prohibits opposition parties, restricts individual opposition to state and its claim
- Exercises extremely high degree of control over public and private life
Totalitarian
- Denies the people participation in government
- Indifferent to people’s needs and offers them no voice in selecting leaders
Authoritarian
Financial intermediaries or the regulations of society’s flow of money
Banks
keep money in safe place, and to earn interest in savings
As borrowers
borrow money to finance spending
As lenders
pay bills, and from customer to customer
As transferers of money
Owned by people who voluntarily cooperate with each other under the influence of social, economic and cultural benefits
Corporations
form of worker self-management
Producer (or worker)
customers share in the profit in relation to purchases
Consumer
- Established by states and private interests
- Promotes economic growth having preferential interest-rates and terms of repayment
Economic Development Agencies
Employee organization primarily concerned with improving conditions and rewards of working lives of members
Trade(s) Union
Realization of interdependency of all countries in different issues such as economic, security and laws
Types:
International Non-governmental Organizations (INGOs)
Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)
International Organization
Group with social advocacy across national boundaries
Ex: Red Cross, World Vision, Habitat for Humanity
Transnational Advocacy Groups
responsive when there are needs and concerns of different countries
Actor
means of dialogue esp. in crisis and conflict between nations
Forum
sharing resources both intellectual and material esp. when times of calamity
Resource
- Social institution found in all societies
- Unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another
FAMILY
“a highly structured secondary group formed to achieve specific goals in the most efficient manner.” Who said this, and what term did she defined
Diana Kendall, Formal Organization
joined voluntarily to pursue a common interest or gain personal satisfaction or prestige
Normative
joined voluntarily to provide with material reward
Utilitarian
forced to join as a form of punishment (prison) and treatment (psychiatric hospitals)
Coercive
- Showed one of clearest links between individuals and individuals
- One that individuals attach subjective meanings to
- Action that are meaningful
Social Action
who define social action?
max weber
actor’s habitual and customary ways of behaving
Traditional Action
emotional state of actor
Affectual Action
conscious belief in value of some ethical, aesthetic, religious or other behavior
Value Rationality
goal orientation
Means-ends Rationality
- Hereditary authority
- monarchy
Traditional Authority
- Charismatic leaders whose authority comes from followers
- “Belief in leaders”
- Cult leaders, dictators
Charismatic Authority
- Goal-oriented leadership for the benefit of society
- Duly-elected government officials, bureaucrats
Rational-Legal Authority
Large rational organizations designed to perform task effectively
BUREAUCRACY
who states the features of bureaucracy?
max weber
division of labor
Specialization
jobs structured from greater to lesser amount of authority
Hierarchy of Position
formal rules and regulations guide a bureaucracy’s operations
Rules and Regulations
bureaucratic workers are technically trained
Technical Competence
rules and regulations, not personal whim, govern the treatment of both clients and workers so they are treated equally/same way
Impersonality
reliance on records and files
Formal Written Communications
Formal organizations are designed to serve humanity but Weber feared that people might end up serving formal organization
Dehumanization
Failure to carry out work or service is exists to perform
By the time computer/service arrives, it is already out of date or unnecessary
Inefficiency and Rigidity
He pointed out link between political oligarchy and bureaucracy, the rule of the many by the few
“Iron law of oligarchy”
Pyramid shape of bureaucracy places few leaders in charge of organizational resources
Oligarchy (Robert Michels)
Who wrote the book “The Mcdonaldization of Society”?
George Ritzer
Process of “rationalization”
i.e. substitution of traditional views to logical or pragmatic rules/views and how it can be applied to any task
McDonald’s a representative of a contemporary global paradigm
Mcdonaldization
Process of choosing optimum means to a given end
Every business looks for efficiency even in a non-McDonaldized society
Efficiency
Emphasis on the quantity of products sold & speed of service offered
More products sold (size/cost) & the faster service provided
Calculability
Emphasis on “discipline, order, systemization, formalization, routine, consistency and methodical operation”
Experience of customers at McDonald’s in Kolkata, India is the same in Bismarck, North Dakota
Predictability
Emphasis on controlling workers and customers
To maintain greater control over the complete rationalizing process through mechanisation
Substituting of humans by non-human technology and making tasks repetitive
Control
“Education the most important weapon”
Nelson Mandela
Passage to progress
Gradual process which brings positive changes in human life
education
Takes place in school, where a person may learn basic, academic or trade skills
FORMAL EDUCATION
Not imparted by an institution (e.g. school), not given according to any fixed timetable
INFORMAL EDUCATION
Someone (i.e. not in school) can learn literacy, other basic skills or jobs
Includes adult basic education, adult literacy education, or school equivalency preparation
NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
Open, stated and intended goals or consequences of activities within an organization or institution:
Socialization
Transmission of culture
Social control
Social placement
Manifest Functions of Education
Hidden, unstated and sometimes unintended consequences of activities within an organizaiton or institution
Restricting some activities
Matchmaking and production of social networks
Creating a generation gap
Latent Functions of Education
System by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy according to power, wealth and prestige
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
pertains to ownership or control of resources
Wealth
ability to compel obedience or control people
Power
refers to social recognition
Prestige
Refers to the positions that an individual occupies
SOCIAL STATUS
assigned to a person by society
Ascribed
social position earned or accomplished
Achieved
Change position within social hierarchy
SOCIAL MOBILITY
change from one status that is higher or lower
Vertical Mobility
state the social stratification system?
Dr. RICHARD T. SCHAEFER
change to another that is roughly equivalent
Horizontal Mobility
most extreme form of legalized social inequality for both individuals and groups. Enslaved individuals are owned by other people
Slavery
hereditary rank usually religious dictated
Castes
associated with feudal system societies during Middle Ages
Estate
As capital becomes more concentrated, the two classes become increasingly more hostile to one another
CONFLICT THEORY
social ranking based on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility
Class
own the means of production
Bourgeoisie (capitalists)
work for those who own the means of production
Proletariat (workers)
Social inequality exists because it plays vital part in the continued existence of society
The more important position in society, the more reward a society attaches to it
FUNCTIONALIST THEORY
We size people by looking for clues to their social standing
We can know a person’s position in society through status symbol
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST THEORY
State in which resources, usually material but sometimes cultural are lacking
POVERTY
lack of resources people in relative to those who have more
Relative Poverty
lack of resources that is life-threatening
Absolute Poverty
Feature of social organizations such as networks, norms, trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit
Social Capital
Resources available to an individual based on honor, prestige and recognition
Symbolic Capital
Goodwill that politician policy can build up with the public pursuit through the pursuit of popular pol
Political Capital
the law that states the 3 types of poor?
ELIZABETHAN POOR LAW OF 1601
People who can’t work
Cared for almshouse or poorhouse
Offered relief, mainly those who were lame, impotent, old blind
Impotent Poor
Set to work in house of industry
Materials were provided for poor to set to work
Able-bodied poor
Vagrants
Sent to house of correction of prison
Idle Poor
Statutory procedure or social effort designed to promote basic physical and material well-being of people in need
Government program, funded by taxpayers that provides financial aid to individual or groups which cannot support themselves
WELFARE
51% of Filipino or ~12.9 million were “mahirap” or poor
34% of family are family-poor, 38% were food borderline, 23% are not food-poor
High need among people
22.71 million students in 2020-2021 (DepEd_
Helps children
46% drop in focus crime during quarantine
Reduce crime
7.6 million Filipino went hungry due to pandemic
Social Good
Proposal to rebuild the economy sustainably following the devastating impact left by coronavirus pandemic
THE GREAT RESET
UN Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) are 8 goals that UN members agreed to achieve by 2015
Commits world leaders to combat poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation and discrimination against women
Each MDGs has target set for 2015 and indicators to monitor progress from 1990 levels
GLOBAL MILLENIUM PLAN (September 2000)
life-changing goals outlined by the UN in 2015
Nearly all countries in world promised to improve the planet and lives of its citizens by 2030
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
To end poverty, everyone should have basic healthcare, security and education
No poverty
1 in 9 are undernourished
Aims to end hunger
Zero hunger
Ensure people live healthy lives, can cut child mortality and raise life expectancy
Good Health and Well-being
Have access to inclusive, equitable quality education
Quality Education
Clean water protects people from disease, yet 3 in 10 people lack access to it
Clean Water and Sanitation
A human right vital for a peaceful prosperous world
Gender Equality
Sustainable economic growth and decent employment for all
Decent Work and Economic Growth
More renewable and affordable energy
Affordable and Clean Energy
Building resilient infrastructure and fostering innovation
Industry, innovation and Infrastructure
Poorest 40% of the population should be able to grow their income faster than average
Reduced Inequalities
Increase affordable housing and make settlements inclusive, safe, and sustainable
Sustainable Cities and Communities
Foster eco-friendly production, reduce waste and boost recycling
Responsible Consumption and Production
Stop degradation, preserve forest, desert and mountain ecosystems
Life on Land
Regulate emissions and promoting renewable energy
Climate Action
Aim is inclusive societies with strong institutions that provide justice for all
Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
Conserve and sustainably use oceans, seas, and marine resources
Life below water
If all countries are to achieve these goals, international cooperation is vital
Partnerships for the Goals
