21ST CENTURY LITERATURE Flashcards
- Diversity of themes, forms, creative idioms and styles
- Spanish-speaking countries
- Magical realism
LATIN AMERICA
- Rise of science and industry, shaped by history.
- Group of colonies
NORTH AMERICA
- Indo-European Languages, western literature and civilization.
- British Literature
Europe
- Aborigines
- Traditions and Ethnic Cultures
- The Legends of Maui
Australia & The Pacific
- History and hardships
- Slavery
- Colonization
- Diaspora
AFRICA
- Haruki Murakami
- War
- Religion and Spirituality
ASIA
- Sum total of the world’s national literatures
- Circulation of work into the wider world beyond their country of origin
World Literature
Oldest Novel
The Tale of Genji
Longest epic poem known
Mahabharata
Period of European cultural, artistic, political, and economic rebirth following the Middle Ages
Renaissance
Literary movement that emphasized emotion over reason, and senses over intellect
Romanticism
Large body of religious texts originated from ancient India
Vedas
Collection of largely Middle Eastern and Indian stories of uncertain date and authorship
A (One) Thousand and One Nights
Author of the Divine Comedy
Dante Alighieri
Widely considered the greatest dramatism of all time as well as the most influential writer in the history of the English language
William Shakespeare
Oldest piece of Epic Literature
Epic of Gilgamesh
Legendary king of Britain, and a central figure in the medieval literary tradition
King Arthur
Author of the Iliad and the Odyssey
Homer
Ancient Chinese philosophical text composed of sayings and ideas attributed to Confucious
The Analects
Genre of literature that presents day-to-dat experiences as they occur in reality
Realism
Religion of Eastern and Central Asia growing out of the teaching of Siddhartha Gautama
Buddhism
Heroic poem, considered the highest achievement of Old English literature and the earliest European vernacular epic
Beowulf
Most extensive political and social structure in western civilization
Roman Empire
Movement that emphasizes a break with the past and the concurrent search for new forms of expression
Modernism
Literary movement characterized by the use of metafiction, unreliable narration, self-reflexivity, intertextuality
Postmodernism
A young boy takes a train to the North Pole on Christmas Eve
Classic 1985 children’s book by Chris Van Allsburg
The Polar Express
Name of the third book in the Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer
Eclipse
Magical country that the White Witch puts a spell on so that it is always winter but never Christmas
Narnia
Its official motto for fictional place of learning:
Draco Dormiens Nunquam Titillandus (Never Tickle a Sleeping Dragon)
Hogwarts
2001 Yann Martel novel that features a character stranded on a lifeboat after a shipwreck with a Bengal tiger named Richard Parker
Life of Pi
Dancing clown in Stephen King’s famed horror novel “It”
Pennywise
Species of white whale in Herman Melville’s famous Moby-Dick
Sperm Whale
Mark Darcy, a character from a classic Jane Austen novel
Pride and Prejudice
Daniel Handler authored a set of 13 books detailing the story of Sunny, Klaus, and Violet Baudelaire and their struggles to escape their unpleasant circumstances
A Series of Unfortunate Events
Name of the pet parrot in the film Aladdin who acts as a sidekick to Jafar and a secondary antagonist
Iago
Danish author who wrote The Emperor’s New Clothes, The Little Mermaid, and The Ugly Duckling
Hans Christian-
Andersen
Fairytale that narrates the story of 2 children who found a cottage made of gingerbread
Hansel and Gretel
Spanish, Portuguese, and French are the most prevalent languages, and also called as ________ languages.
Romance
- Means mixed in Spanish
- Generally used throughout Latin America to describe people of mixed ancestry with a white European and an indigenous background
Mestizo
Certain styles of music and dance are said to have originated from Latin American regions
Salsa
Descendants of slaves brought by Spanish and Portuguese colonists and slave traders
African
_____ - From Central Mexico
_____ - From Central America
_____ - From Peru
- Aztecs
- Mayans
- Incas
Refers to written and oral works created by authors in parts of North America, South America, and the Caribbean
Latin American Literature
Mexican novelist, screenwriter, and politician
Popular for novels “Like Water for Chocolate” and “Malinche”
Laura Esquivel
- One of the largest religions on the Asian continent
- Originated in India
Hinduism
Japanese novelist, poet, and lady-in-waiting at the Imperial court in the Heian period
Best known as author of The Tale of Genji
Murasaki Shikibu
2019 Korean FIlm
First Asian film to win an Academy Award
Parasite
Martial arts such as judo, karate, and taekwondo are very prominent in Asian cultures
Various styles of Chinese martial arts
Kung Fu
Many works are in oral form
Were passed down through generations by word of mouth before eventually being recorded in written form
Encompasses works by authors from various regions across Asia
Asian Literature
The use of any person, situation, or object to represent ideas or concepts
Symbolism
Vivid descriptions and details which help create mental images
Imagery
A storytelling technique in which the chronological order of events is disrupted
Non Linear Narrative
A situation in which there is a contrast between expectation and reality
Irony
Singaporean fiction author known for writing about the Singaporean society and traditional Chinese culture
Catherine Lim
A literary technique in which writers focus more on the process of writing itself rather than on furthering a plot
Viktor Shklovsky in 1916 argues that when we have seen something several times, we stop seeing it for what it really is
Defamiliarization
Kill things that smell nice then tie them up in little bundles
Florist
Press buttons in a metal tube that rises 30 000 ft in the sky and moves across the planet
Pilot
Paid to talk to minors all day, judges them in the form of grades and criticize them constructively
Teacher
A collection of images that work together to tell a story
Present ordinary, everyday things in a new and fresh way
Photo Essay
Mythologies: The Father of All Spirits and the Sun Mother
Australian Aborigine Creation Story
Mythologies : The Clay, The Wood, and The Corn
Mayan Creation Story
Mythologies : Pangu
Chinese Creation Myth
Mythologies : Izanagi and Izanami
Japanese Creation Myth
Mythologies : Adam and Eve
Genesis Creation Story
Mythologies : Shida Matunda and His Two Wives
African Creation Story
Study of myths
Collection of several myths that usually belong to a group of people or culture to address issues regarding one’s history, gods, and ancestry
Mythology
Represents any kind of traditional story like folktales and legend
Myths
Greek stories of gods, heroes, and monsters date back more than 2700 years appearing in written form in the works of Homer and Hesiod
Greek Mythology
His work Theogony offered the fullest and most important sources of myths and the origin of the gods
Hesiod (700 BC)
The king of all the gods; father to many; god of weather, law and fate
Zeus
Queen of the gods; goddess of women and marriage
Hera
Goddess of beauty and love
Aphrodite
God of war
Ares
God of prophecy, music, poetry, knowledge
Apollo
Goddess of hunting, animals, and childbirth
Artemis
God of wine, pleasure, and festivity
Dionyssus
God of travel, hospitality, and trade; Zeus’ personal messenger
Hermes
God of fire, metalworks, and sculpture
Hephaestus
Goddess of agriculture and grain
Demeter
God of sex; minion to Aphrodite
Eros
God of the sea, earthquakes, and horses
Poseidon
Goddess of wisdom and defense
Athena
God of the underworld
Hades
Goddess of home and family
Hestia
Son of Zeus who performed 12 impossible labors
Heracles
First woman
Pandora
Sculptor who fell in love with his own creation
Pygmalion
Weaver who was turned into a spider
Arachne
Handsome trojan prince
Ganymede
King with a golden touch
Midas
Gorgon with living snakes as hair
Medusa
Priestess at Delphi who delivers oracles
Pythia
Man who fell in love with his own reflection
Narcissus
A winged horse
Pegasus
A horse-man
Centaur
A lion-woman
Sphinx
A bird-woman
Harpies
A one-eyed giant
Cyclops
Genre of modern literature that refers to the creation of artificial mythology
Concept was introduced by J.R.R. Tolkien in the 1930s to refer to the integration of traditional mythological themes
Mythopoeia
Three murderous, masculine, and womanizing soldiers use their strength to defeat their enemy
The 3 Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas
A mysterious man haunts the Paris Opera House and wreaks havoc on and offstage
He targets the young and talented soloist Christine
The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux
The bell-ringer Quasimodo resides in the towers of a cathedral
His life is changed after saving the beautiful Esmeralda
The Hunchback of Notre Dame by Victor Hugo
Edouard Dantes is betrayed and wrongfully imprisoned on an island.
Years later, he escapes, acquires a fortune, and plots revenge as a mysterious man
The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas
Jan Valjean is released after 19 years in prison and became Monsieur Madeleine
Inspector Javert relentlessly pursues him
Les Miserables by Victor Hugo
Also known as Western literature
Literature written in the context of Western culture in the languages of Europe, as several geographically and historically related languages
European Literature
Collection of literary masterpieces including:
Iliad and Odyssey by Homer
Aeneid by Virgil
The Divine Comedy by Dante
The Canterbury Tales by Chaucer
Western Canon
Covers the 5 ancient civilizations of Babylonia, Assyria, Egypt, Greece, and Rome
Clay tables and papyrus paper scrolls were used in the writing of the Holy Scriptures, which became influential in European literature
Ancient Literature
Middle ages began after the Fall of the Roman Empire
The period was also known as the Dark Ages due to barbarian invasions, wars, famine, plagues, and decline in culture and learning
Medieval Literature
Means birth or revival
Marked the reawakening of intellectual and artistic inquiry, which was the dominant feature of this political, religious, and philosophical phenomenon
The Renaissance
Known as the Age of Reason
People began the discovery of the grounds and relations of knowledge, faith, reason, and authority in religion, metaphysics, ethics, politics, economics, and natural science
17th Century
Reason and passion
Was shown in the pursuit of order, symmetry, decorum, and scientific knowledge
In literature, this fostered satire, argumentum wit, and plain prose
18th Century
Various influences such as Romanticism, Symbolism, and Realism had their origins and development in this period
These literary movements are reflected in modern literature
19th Century
Marked an increasing sense of crisis and urgency
Doubts to the faith in the psychological stability of the individual personality
Deep questioning of all philosophical or religious solutions to human problems
20th Century
Alternate universe
Hypothetical universe that coexists with our own
In fiction, the idea of another world has long been used in myths and legends
Parallel Universe
English author of short fiction, novels, graphic novels, audio theater, and screenplays
Won several awards and medals for his works, which include the Sandman and Coraline
Neil Gaiman
A 2002 British dark fantasy horror novella for children
Has won numerous awards and was considered one of the best books of the 21st century
Coraline
consists of a body of work in different languages and various genres, ranging from oral literature to literature written languages such as French, Portuguese, and English.
African Literature
Oral histories, myths, and proverbs additionally serve to remind whole communities of their ancestors’ heroic deeds, their past, and the precedents for their customs and traditions.
Oral Literature
one of the most talented of the younger French West African poets of the 1950s, whose tragic death in an airplane crash cut short a promising career.
David Diop (1927 - 1960)
Colors and their meanings:
Blue
Black
Green
Purple
Yellow
Serenity
Grief
Jealousy
Royalty
Optimism
Used to determine the form and function of a literary work
Symbols, images, statements, characters, situations, or behavior that can be universally understood by readers/audience
Archetypes
Argues that a literary work is shaped by cultural and psychological myths and archetypes
A hero and a villain, a snake or a cross, the colors black and white, may represent special meanings when included in a text
Mythological-Archetypal Criticism
Investigates the social, cultural, and intellectual contexts that influenced the creation of a literary work
The author’s biography is included as part of this criticism
Historical Criticism
Believes that a literary work can be better understood by looking into the life of its author
The critic analyzes the writer’s experiences to show its relationship to the work
Biographical Criticism
Examines how gender and sexual identity influence the creation and the reception of a text
Attempts to correct imbalances and combat certain attitudes by reflecting or rejecting forces that keep society from achieving equality
Feminist / Gender Criticism
Sees a literary work as a unique form that needs to be examined on its own terms
Believe that all the elements necessary for understanding the work are within the work itself
Formalist Approach
Types of Conflict
Man vs Man
Man vs Self
Man vs Nature
Man vs Society
Man vs Technology
Man vs Supernatural
Leaving the authorial and other external influences when interpreting a text
Close reading
mistake of reading the text based on the author’s intended meaning
Intentional Fallacy
mistake of reading a text through the reader’s emotions
Affective Fallacy
Formalist movement during the 20th century that emphasized the use of close reading
New Criticism
Examines elements of human culture against larger structures
Involves the analysis of binary oppositions
Structuralist Approach
refer to concepts or characters from 2 opposing categories that often lead to conflict
Binary Oppositions
Explores the relationship between the work and the society
May examine different societal elements, or economic and political elements within the text
Marxist - Sociological Criticism
Reflects how modern psychology can be used to interpret a work
Examines language and symbols to demonstrate or reflect, for instance unconscious desires or fears
Psychological Criticism
Evaluates the ethical content of a literary work
Acknowledges that a text can have positive or negative effects to the readers
Critics who use this approach believe that the purpose of literature is to teach morality and/or investigate philosophical issues
Moral - Philosophical Approach
Focuses on how readers are actively engaged in creating meaning of the text
In contrast to other perspectives whose primary focus is the form of the author
Reader-Response Criticism
