UCSP Flashcards
- Is a people’s way of life
- It prefigures both the process and structures that account not only for the development of such a way of life, but also for the inherent systems that lend it its self-perpetuating nature.
- The complex whole suggests that culture cannot be simply broken down into a set of attributes. It means that an understanding of a part can only be achieved in relation to the other parts of the system.
Culture
Refers to the similarities in words and actions which can be directly observed.
Explicit Culture
Exist in abstract forms which are not quite obvious.
Implicit Culture
Types of Culture: Material
Technology
Food
Fashion
Types of Culture: Non-Material
Ideas
Behavior, Gesture, Habit
Region
Elements of Culture:
Beliefs
Knowledge
Social Norms
Perception of accepted reality. Reality may be material or non-material.
Beliefs
Refers to any information that is perceived as true.
Knowledge
established expectations of society as to how a person is supposed to act depending on time, place or situation.
Social Norms
Types of Social Norms
Folkways
Mores
Values
Technology
Patterns of repetitive behavior which become habitual and conventional part of living.
Folkways
Set of ethical standard
Mores
Anything relatively worthy, important, desirable or valuable
Values
Practical application of knowledge
Technology
Functions of Culture
Defines situation
Defines attitude values and goals
Defines myth legends and the supernatural
Provides behavior pattern
“Ethno” greek word meaning people “centric” latin word refer to the center.
Ethnocentrism
believing that one’s way are the best (NOT A TERM DINAGDAG KO LANG BAKIT BA)
Encourages Solidarity
often lead to social change (NOT A TERM DINAGDAG KO LANG BAKIT BA)
conflict
Preference for the foreign, exact opposite of ethnocentrism
Xenocentrism
Fear of what is perceived as foreign or strange
Xenophobia
underscores the idea that the culture in every society should be understood and regarded on its own terms.
Cultural Relativism
Culture has tangible and intangible components.
Cultural Heritage
ones are those that are produced and created based on specific and practical purposes and aesthetic values.
Tangible
A dirty word?
Trouble?
Disruption?
Deceit?
Violence on one hand?
politics
may be associated with events, historical sites but not limited to the houses of heroes and historical personalities.
Intangible
“Nothing more than a means of rising in the world”
Samuel Johnson
“The systematic organization is hatred”
Henry Adams
Different views of politics
politics art of government
Politics a public affairs
Politics as compromise and consensus
Politics as power
Polis - city - state
Athens
Cradle of democratic government
Affairs of the polis
What concerns the state
Politics art of government
- “Politics is not science but an art”
- Art of government through the making and enforcement of collective decisions.
Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck
- “Authoritative allocation of values”
- Authoritative values are therefore widely accepted in society and are considered binding by the mass of citizens.
- Politics is associated with policy.
David Easton
- “Despotic power is always accompanied by corruption of morality.” “Authority that does not exist for Liberty is not authority but force.”
- Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.
John Emerich E. Dalberg Acton
- Politics is seen as a particular means of resolving conflict that is by compromise. Conciliation and negotiation rather than through force and naked conflict.
- Politics is certainly no utopian solution (compromise means that concessions are made by all sides, leaving no one perfectly satisfied) but it is undoubtedly preferable to the alternatives: bloodshed and brutality
Politics as compromise and consensus
- Political and non-political coincides
- Public realm and private realm conforms to the division between the state and civil society.
- Apparatus of the state (courts, police, army and so forth can be regarded as public; they are funded by the public’s expenses out of taxation.
- Politics is restricted to the activities of the state.
Politics a public affairs
- When social groups and interests possess power they must be conciliated, they cannot be crushed.
- That solution to the problem of order which chooses conciliation rather than violence and coercion.
Bernard Crick
The broadest and the most radical definition of politics
Politics as power
The ability to achieve a desired outcome through whatever means.
Power
- Political power as merely the organized power of one class for oppressing the other.
- From this perspective , civil society, characterized as Marxists believe is to be by class struggle, is the very heart of politics.
- For him, the processes of historical change are reflection of the economic development of society
- He argued that capitalism which involves market exchanges, labor as commodity and the factors of production held in private hands produced political and social results.
Karl Marx
It was a story of class conflict generated by economic modernization, not the story of the rise and fall of city states, empires and nation states. (NOT A TERM DINAGDAG KO LANG WHY NOT)
History
Capitalism prospered in the ___ century (NOT A TERM DINAGDAG KO LANG BAKIT BA)
19th
is itself one of the major problems of political philosophy. Broadly, however, one may characterize as political all those practices and institutions that are concerned with government
Political
branch of philosophy that is concerned, at the most abstract level, with the concepts and arguments involved in political opinion.
(just read this) The central problem of political philosophy is how to deploy or limit public power so as to maintain survival and enhance the quality of human life. Like all aspects of human experience, political philosophy is conditioned by the environment and by the scope and limitations of mind.
Political Philosophy
The Code of Hammurabi
Chandragupta Maurya
Confucius
Antiquity
Hammurabi as a representative of God on Earth.
The Code of Hammurabi (c. 1750 BCE)
In the late 4th century BCE, is a set of Machiavellian precepts on how to survive under an arbitrary power.
Chandragupta Maurya
In the 6th century BCE there was a code of conduct designed to stabilize society.
Confucius
The first elaborate work of European political philosophy is the ____, a masterpiece of insight and feeling, superbly expressed in dialogue form and probably meant for recitation.
Republic of Plato
- was a scientist rather than a prophet, and his Politics, written while he was teaching.
- He analyzes society as if he were a doctor and prescribes remedies for its ills.
Aristotle
Deals with Normative Questions
Why should I obey the state?
How should rewards be distributed?
What should the limits of individual freedom be?
focuses on the observation and explanation of political phenomena and involves formulating and testing hypotheses through experimentation.
Empirical Political Theory
focuses on what ought to be and explores the values and ideals of a political system
Normative Political Theory
After formulating a hypothesis, a study will be designed to test the hypothesis
Empirical Theory
The study of political science seeks to determine what we ought to do. it is concerned with the judgement of good ,bad, right or wrong. it studies on what we as a society ought to do, it’s about what we should be, rather than what we are.
Normative Approach
best known as a proponent of limited government. He uses a theory of natural rights to argue that governments have obligations to their citizens, have only limited powers over their citizens, and can ultimately be overthrown by citizens under certain circumstances.
John Locke
- He goes on to say that, even with the perspective of the past, humanity cannot dictate future events because thoughts of the past are limited, compared to the possibilities for the future.
- he believes that this theory is “repugnant” to the common sentiments of mankind, and to the practice and opinion of all nations and all ages.
David Hume
meaning that political scientists approach their study in an objective, rational, and systematic manner. Some political scientists focus on abstract and theoretical questions, while others study particular government policies and their effects.
Scientific Approach
This approach to analysis draws heavily upon the example of economic theory in building up models based upon procedural rules, usually about the rationally self-interested behavior of the individuals involved.
Political-choice theory
is a general idea about something usually expressed in a single word or a phrase.
Concept
- are schematic representations of reality or of one’s view of a possible world, constructed to improve one’s understanding about the world and/or to make predictions.
- are usually thought of as a representation of something, usually on a smaller scale , the purpose of the model is to resemble the original object as possible.
Models
Tignan mo yung Easton’s Model of Political Life
CHARAN I LOVE YOUU (PS:ALA ME PLAN SO DI ME MAKAPAGLAGAY NG PIC HEHI)
is a proposition , it offers a systematic explanation of a body of empirical data.
Theory
- A popular theory in political science to explain the actions of voters as well as politicians.
- it assumes that they act in their own best interest carefully weighing the cost and benefits of possible alternatives.
- Parties want to win in office
- In order to win office , they must win the votes. (meron pa marami meaning this, please familiarize hehe)
Rationale-Choice theory
See the differences of public and private in reviewer please
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SEE THE ANATOMY OF CULTURE AND SOCIETY ITS A MUST
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