UCSP Flashcards
CONSIDERED TO BE THE GRANDFATHER OF ALL SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES?
ANTHROPOLOGY
- An intensive study of humans and the culture where they were born and actively belong to.
ANTROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, OR POLITICAL SCIENCE?
ANTROPOLOGY
ETYMOLOGY OF ANTROPOLOGY
ANTHROPOS- HUMAN
LOGOS- STUDY OF
HISTORY OF ANTHROPOLOGY.
E AND A
EARLY EUROPEAN EXPLORERS
AGE OF EXPLORATION
HISTORY OF ANTHROPOLOGY -
Initial impressions about native people
EARLY EUROPEAN EXPLORERS
HISTORY OF ANTHROPOLOGY- Focus on new settlements and ethnic minorities including Native American Indian tribes.
AGE OF EXPLORATION
PROMINENT SCHOLARS OF ANTHROPOLOGY.
F A R M B
FRANZ BOAS
ALRED KROEBER
RUTH BENEDICT
MARGARET MEAD
BRONISLAW MALINOWSKI
Father of American Anthropology
- College degree in Physics
- First to apply the scientific method to Anthropology
Research)
WHO IS THIS PROMINENT SCHOLAR IN ANTHROPOLOGY?
FRANZ BOAS
Along with William Henry Morgan, are two early American Anthropologists -
Championed Indigenous Rights
WHO IS THIS PROMINENT SCHOLAR IN ANTHROPOLOGY?
ALFRED KROEBER
WHO IS ALONGSIDE ALFRED KROEBER IN BEING THE EARLIEST AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST.
WILLIAM HENRY MORGAN
Student of Franz Boas
- Specializes in Anthropology and Folklore
- Authored Patterns of Culture
WHO IS THIS PROMINENT SCHOLAR IN ANTHROPOLOGY?
RUTH BENEDICT
Deemed controversial because of her study on sexual
practices among nauve populations
WHO IS THIS PROMINENT SCHOLAR IN ANTHROPOLOGY?
MARGARET MEAD
Father of Social Anthropology
WHO IS THIS PROMINENT SCHOLAR IN ANTHROPOLOGY?
BRONISLAW MALONOWSKI
Founding father of the Ethnographic Approach.
WHO IS THIS PROMINENT SCHOLAR IN ANTHROPOLOGY?
BRONISLAW MALINOWSKI
When we make decisions, it is within the context of our family, peers, school, nation, and other groups forming our social world.
Anthropology, Sociology, OR Political Science?
Sociology
The study of society, social institutions, and social relationships. Anthropology, Sociology, or Political Science?
Sociology
Etymology of sociology
Socius- companion
Logos- study of
Prominent scholars of sociological perspective
W P W.I
Wright mills
Peter berger
W.I. Thomas
Prminent people- sociology as science
A K H E M
Auguste Comte
Karl Marx
Herbert spencer
Emile durkheim
Max weber
The Sociological Imagination
Which prominent scholar in sociological perspective?
Wright mills
“The vivid awareness of the relationship between private experience and the wider society.”
This is from?
Wright mills- sociological imagination
The perspective of sociology enables us to see
“general patterns in particular events.”
Stated by?
Peter berger
Wrote “A Rumor of Angels: Modern Society and the Rediscovery of the Supernatural”
Which prominent scholar in sociological perspective?
Peter berger
What did W.I. THOMAS contribute tp sociological perspective?
The Thomas Theorem
- “If men defined situations as real, then they are real in their consequences.”
Who stated this?
W.I. Thomas
He coined the term sociology?
Auguste comte
To understand society, it should be analyzed
as it really was not in is idea state. Which prominent scholar in sociology as science stated this?
Auguste comte
Who invented positivism?
Auguste comte
This is the use of scientific evidence.
Positivism
He invented the conflict theory. Which prominent scholar of sociology as science?
Karl Marx
Who prominen scholar in sociology as science invented the communist manifesto?
KARL MARX
Political revolution was vital in the evolutionary process of society, the only means to achieve improvement of social conditions.
Which prominent scholar in sociology as science?
Karl marx
Birth of Sociology in his native England
- Social Darwinism
- “Survival of the Fittest”
Which prominent scholar in sociology as science?
Herbert spencer
First French Sociologist
- Individuals are more the products than creators of society.
Which prominent figure in the sociology as science category?
Emile Durkheim
Authored- “suicide”
Which prominent figure in the sociology as science category
Emile Durkheim
Interpretive sociology.
Which prominent figure in the sociology as science category?
Max weber
Qualitative methods, as well as quantitative methods, should be used in the study of social actions.
Which prominent figure in the sociology as science category?
Max weber
What is the first phase of sociology in the philippines.
Sociology was lookes upon as Social Philosophy
The second phase of sociology-?
Sociology was viewed as a problem or welfare-oriented discipline
What is the focus of second phase on sociology?
•Focus on analysis of crime, poverty,
unemployment
True or false, The second Phase of sociology in the Philippines had an abudant and extensive research.
False- Includes minimal research
This phase of sociology in the Philippines, sociology started to take the scientific orientation.
Third Phase
In the third phase of sociology in the Philippines, the number of academic pursuing social science research decreased. True or false?
False- during the third phase there is an increase in the number of academics
pursuing social science research
associated with how power is gained and employed to develop authority and influence in social affairs.
Anthropology, Sociology, or Political Science
Political science
Politics is allied with the government which is considered the ultimate authority. - To understand politics, we must recognize
P O AND J
POWER, ORDER AND JUSTICE
This is the ability to influence other.
POWER
This is attained through obedience to rules set by leaders.
Order
This is felt within a society when there is order.
Justice
Politics is played witn a style, depending on tne character and behavior of the leader. This is politics a/ as?
Politics as an art
Policymaking and government decisions should be done through research, investigation, analysis, validation, planning, execution, and evaluation. This is politics as a/an?
Science
School of thought
- A philosophical or theoretical framework of any kind
Paradigm
- A tentative assumption made to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences - An educated guess based on observations or evidence
Hypothesis
Hypothesis vs theory
- A hypothesis is an assumption that can be tested
- A theory is a principle formulated to explain a phenomenon and is backed up by data
Levels of Analysis
M&M
Marco View
Micro View
A hypothesis is an assumption that can be tested
- A theory is a principle formulated to explain a phenomenon and is backed up by data - Examples:
Society, Law, Technology, Language, Culture, Norms, Values
What level of analysis?
Macro View
———-in sociology looks at small-scale interactions
between individuals, sucn as conversation or group dynamics
- It involves the study of people in face-to-face
interaccons
- Examples: Patterns of behavior, Interactions, Perceptions, Beliefs. What level of analysis?
Micro View
Three major theories of Sociology.
F M L
FUNCTIONALISM
MANIFEST FUNCTION
LATENT FUNCTION
THIS IS WHAT HOLDS SOCIETY TOGETHER, WHAT MAJOR THEORY OF SOCIOLOGY?
FUNCTIONALISM
Society is a complex system whose parts function and work in harmony bringing stability in the process. WHAT MAJOR THEORY OF SOCIOLOGY?
FUNCTIONALISM
All actions and social structures serve a purpose even if the purpose is not apparent. WHAT MAJOR THEORY OF SOCIOLOGY?
FUNCTIONALISM
Created the concepts of manifest and latent function and dysfunction
ROBERT MERTON
Intended, recognized, and obvious beneticial outcomes
- Anticipated and intended goals deliberated to produce beneficial outcomes
WHAT FUNCTION?
MANIFEST FUNCTION
- Unintended and unrecognized consequences (positive or negative)
- Unanticipated consequences of an action; they are not publicly acknowledged or intended.
WHAT KIND OF FUNCTION?
LATENT FUNCTION
societal agreement on whats the greater good and how to achieve it
SOCIAL CONSENSUS
Argues that there are two types of social solidarity - mechanical and organic solidarity. WHO IS DAT?
EMILE DURKHEIM
I GIVE UP, AGREE OR DISAGREE
TRUE OR FALSE?
TRULY AGREE
SOCIAL COHESION ACHIEVED BY DOING SIMILAR WORK.
MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY
HOMOGENEITY OF INDIVIDUALS
CONFORMITY
CONNNECTIO THROUGH SIMILARITY
COLLECTIVE CONSIOUSNESS
SOCIAL COHESION THROUGH SPECIALIZED JOBS.
INTERDEPENDENCE OF INDIVIDUALS
ORGANIC SOLIDARITY
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF FUNCTIONALISM
STRENGTHS: F E
WEAKNESSS: I O
STRENGTHS: FOCUSES ONLY ON POSITIVE FUNCTIONS
EMPHASIZE SOCIAL INTEGRATION
WEAKNESSES: IGNORES CONFLICT AND DIVISION
OVER ENTHUSIASM IN VIEW OF SOCIETY
the philosophy of mind is the doctrine that what makes something a mental state of a particular type does not depend on its internal constitution, but rather on the way it functions, or the role it plays, in the system of which it is a part.
(Just additional info) Functionalism
Interactions are symbolic, our responses are based
on the meanings we assign to things - rocuses on
now socialiteractions and people assien meanies
to things around them based on the interpretation of their interactions with others
Symbolic interactionism
The way to understand people
Verstehen
Philosophy of politics
I R R E
Idealism
Rationalism
Realism
Extremism
Thinks of ideas and tries to realize them
- Putting first the greater good in the use of power and influence. What philosophy of politics?
Idealism
- Example: Aspiring for a world without poverty
What type of politics?
Idealism
The power of reason over the reason of power
- Heavily based on logic. What philosophy of politics?
Rationalism
Animal abuse is wrong, what type of philosophy of politics?
Rationalism
Basec on facts and reality
- The exercise of power and influence should be built on reality. What type of philosophy of politics?
Realism
Do not adhere to societal norms
- Having polarized beliefs related to political issues. What type of philosophy of politics
Extremism
Example: The Abu Sayyaf Group
What philosophy of politics?
Extremism
Represents beliefs, practices, artifacts, and almost all social aspects including language, customs, norms, values, technologies, organizations, and institutions
among others ~ defines who we are
Culture
A group of people sharing a common territory and culture
Society
The idea that one’s culture is above or superior to all others.
Ethnocentrism
Acceptance and respective of the
ditterences from the memners of a
society - Recognizing that each culture is different
Cultural relativism
Cultural Relativism in Mitigating Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentric behavior can be mitigated through recognizing and application of cultural relativism
- Cultural relativism can be practiced by recognizing that culture shapes what we consider beautiful, ugly, appealing, disgusting, etc., and that this should not
be the basis for evaluating other cultures
- It is important to have an open heart and an unbiased and critical mind to truly practice cultural
relativism
- Example: Colonialism was justified by ethnocentrism.
The way Europeans saw the natives as savage and uncivilized, they took it upon themselves to “civilize and tame” those they conquered through religion
and colonialism. Because of this, we saw now the Age of Exploration changed the history of the world where nose wno were conquered were Georived
Considered a legacy (Legacy - what remains after time)
- Human creation intended to inform
Cultural heritage
-Helps in understanding the way of living the
people of the past had and draw the landscape of what the world was
Cultural heritage
Intangible heritage are?
Not nnvsical or concrete
- Exists intellectually in a culture
- Examples: Songs, myths, beliefs, superstitions, oral poetry, stories, traditional knowledge Threats
Tangible heritage are?
- Perceptible, touchable, concrete, or physical
- Pnysical artifacts or objects significant to archaeology, architecture, science, or technology of a specific culture
- Examples: Clothing, utensils, vehicles, documents, buildings
Types of society
HG P H A I PI
Hunting and gathering
Pastoral
Horticultural
Agricultural
Industrial
Post- Industrial
Farliest form of socierv
- Small number - usually having less than 50 members
~ Nomadic
- Survival through hunting, gathering edible plants, fishing, etc.
- Mutually dependent through equal division of labor based on sex (men - hunters, women - gatherers)
Hunting and gathering
Rely on domesticating and breeding
or animals or rood and transporation -
Only move when land is not useable
- Allows job specialization
Pastoral
Rely on the cultivation of crops to survive
- Forced to relocate when water supply decreases or resources are
Depleted
Horticulture
Rely on technology to cultivate crops in larger areas
- Increase in productivity and allows people to stay in one area longer if there is an
abundance of food
- Towns and cities are formed. job specialization increases, and the economy becomes complex
Agricultural
Use advanced sources of energy to run large machinery leading to industrialization.
Industrial
Economy is based on services and technology, not production
- Economy is dependent on tangible goods
-brearer educarion recam ioorrant
- New communication tennologies allowed the variance of work locations
Aspects of Culture
Post industrial
Elements of culture
B V L T N
Belief
Values
Language
Technology
Norms
Elements of culture
Beliefs - conceptions or ideas people have about what is true in the environment around them. Mav be based on religion, common sense, folk wisdom,
science, or a combination of tnese.
- Values - What is appropriate or inappropriate in a given society. Broad, abstract, and shared to influence and guide societal behavior.
- Language - Shared set of spoken and written symbols Symbols - can be verbal or nonverbal). It is known as the storehouse of
culture.
- Technology - The application of knowledge and
equipment to ease living. Includes all artifacts, methods, and devices created and used by
people
- Norms - specific rules or standards to guide appropriate
benavior.
Characteristics of culture
- Dynamic, Flexible, and Adaptive
- Shared and may be Challenged
- Learned through Socialization or Enculturation
- Patterned Social Interactions
- Integrated
- Transmitted through Socialization or Enculturation
- Requires Language and other forms of Communication
How to avoid Ethnocentrism
- Study the cultural context in which action occurs
- Determine the circumstances of
place, time, and condition surrounding it - Look into the reasoning behind any cultural element
Xenocentrism
Termed by john d fullmer.
The tendency for one to give preference to the ideas, lifestyles, and products of other cultures as a result of exposure to different cultural
practices
Xenocetrism
Who coined cultural relativism?
Franz boas
Highlights the perspective that no culture is superior to
another in terms or morality, law, polties, etc
- Culture has equal value
Cultural relativism
Types relativism
Moral
Situational
Cognitive
Typ of relativism that ethiccs depend on a social construct
Moral relativism
Right or wrong is Situational. What relativism?
Situational
Truth has no objective standard. What relativism
Cognitive
Claims of Cultural Relativists
- Different societies have different moral codes
- The moral code of a societv determines what is right or wrong within a society 3.
There are no moral truths that hold for all people at all times - The moral code of our own society nas no
special status; it is one among many b. It is arrogant for us to judge other cultures. We should always be tolerant of them. (Understand lang)
- Branch of anthropology that deals with fossilized remains, primate beginnings, and evolution
Physical biology
A specialized branch of anthropology utilizing primates or great apes such as chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans, for deriving an understanding of the human
evolutionar record
Primatology
The belief that life and universe id created by God.
Creativionism
a connection of the parts from the
Supreme God down to the last remains of things is mutually linked together and without break
Chains of being
The creation dated back?
4004 BC
Philosopher suggested that animals and plants can be extinct becuasse all things are linked together, true or false
False- philosophers suggested that animals and plants cannot be extinct because all things were linked together, and all things were necessary.
Earliest and least known of the Robust
Australopithecines.
Aethiopicus
Australopithecus that has large dentition and huge cheekbones.
Aethiopicus
New australopithecine species
Robustus
Existed in east and south africa between 2.5 mil and 1.4 mil years ago.
Robust Australopithecines
Has larger teeth, massive jaw, and flatter face than A.
Africanus
Robustus
Direct ancestors of humans
Hominids
an early human ancestor characteristic suggesting that they primarily lived on trees before naving to move to me land terrestrialism aue to a reduction in food resources
Arboreality
First direct ancestors of humans
Hominids
First defined hominids
AUSTRALOPITHECUS
Farlest australonirnecine snecies
- Found in some regions in Northern Kenya
GRACILE AUSTRA…
Most represented australopithecine species
AFARENSIS
“Southern Ape of Africa”
Australopithecus Africans
HOMO SAPIENS APPEARED HOW MANY YEARS AGO
50,000
THIS IS THE TIME WHEN CULTIVATION OF CROPS AND ANIMALS DOMESTICATIN STARTED
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
THIS STARTED AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
ANIMAL DOMESTICATION STARTED AROUND?
10,000BCE
THE EARLY CIVILIZATION STARTED IN?
INDUS VALLEY
ANCIENT CITIES ARE?
HARRAPA AND MOHENJO-DARO
system of government in which all the people of a state or polity
DEMOCRACY
