UCSP Flashcards
1
Q
.It is related to sociology, it always describes human, human behavior and human societies around the world.
A
Anthropology
2
Q
The term anthropology means
A
scientific study of man or human beings.
3
Q
studies, human societies and elements of cultural life.
A
Cultural anthropology
4
Q
an example of cultural anthropology which focuses on language in a certain society.
A
Linguistic anthropology
5
Q
The study of man and its various aspects is known as
A
Anthropology
6
Q
The goal of studying anthropology is to
A
understand the origin human evolution and the diverse forms of its existence throughout time.
7
Q
It is the study of human social relationships and institutions.
A
sociology
8
Q
It is a social science; it belongs to the family of social sciences.
A
sociology
9
Q
The goal of sociology is to
A
help you understand how human action and consciousness both shape and are shaped by the surrounding cultural and social structures
10
Q
It is a social science that deals with humans and their interactions.
A
political science
11
Q
. It is a branch of sociology; it essentially deals with the large-scale actions of humans, and group mentality it is a discipline that deals with several aspects such as the study of state and government
A
political science
12
Q
It deals with the nature and formation of the state and attempts to understand its forms and functions.
A
political science
13
Q
The goal of Political Science is to
A
constantly deepen the knowledge, discover progress and protect the quality of life within a group, community, country, and the world
14
Q
are culture, cultural relativism, fieldwork, human diversity, holism, bio-cultural focus.
A
anthropological perspective
15
Q
four main perspective of anthropology
A
- cross-cultural or comparative emphasis,
- its evolutionary/historical emphasis,
- its ecological emphasis,
- and its holistic emphasis
16
Q
It introduce the discipline of sociology, including something about its history, questions, theory, and scientific methods, and what distinguishes it from other social science disciplines.
A
sociological perspective
17
Q
Sociology includes three major theoretical perspectives:
A
- functionalist perspective;
- the conflict perspective; and
- the symbolic interaction perspective.
18
Q
It is used to analyse and explain objects of social study, and facilitate organizing sociological knowledge
A
Theoretical Perspective
19
Q
societies are thought to function like organisms, with various social institutions working together like organs to maintain and reproduce societies.
A
functionalist perspective
20
Q
it sees social life as a competition, and focuses on the distribution of resources, power, and inequality.
A
conflict perspective
21
Q
It studies the tendencies and actions of people which cannot be easily quantified or examined.
A
Political Science Perspective
22
Q
is a group of people with common territory, interaction, and culture
A
society
23
Q
Society is derived from the Latin term “_____” meaning company and was derived from the noun “_____”, which means companion or associate
A
societas and socius
24
Q
two types of definition of society
A
the functional definition and the structural definition
25
society is defined as a complex of groups in reciprocal relationships, interacting upon one another, enabling human organisms to carry on their life-activities and helping each person to fulfill his wishes and accomplish his interests in association with his fellows
functional point of view
26
society is the total social heritage of folkways, mores and institutions; of habits, sentiments and ideals
structural point of view
27
3 reason people live together as a society
a. For survival
b. Feeling of gregariousness
c. Specialization
28
6 characteristic of society
1. It is a social system.
2. It is relatively large.
3. It socializes its members and from those from without
4. It endures, produces and sustains its members for generations.
5. It holds its members through a common culture.
6. It has clearly-defined geographical territory.
29
Major Functions of Society
1. It provides a system of socialization
2. It provides the basic needs of its members.
3. It regulates and controls people’s behavior.
4. It provides the means of social participation.
5. It provides mutual support to the members.
30
6 classification of society According to economic and material system
1. Pre-class Societies
2.Asiatic Societies
3. Ancient Societies
4. Feudal Societies
5. Capitalists Societies
6.Democratic
Societies
31
6 classification of society According to evolutionary view
1. simple societies
2. compound societies
3. Doubly Compound Societies
4. Militant Societies
5. Industrial Societies
6.Post-Industrial
Societies
32
6 classification of society according to people's substinence
1.Food Gathering
Societies
2. Horticultural
Societies
3. Pastoral Societies
4. Agricultural Societies
5. Industrial Societies
6. Post-Industrial Societies or
Information Societies
33
There are several ways by which a society is dissolved
(1) when the people kill each other through civil revolution;
(2) when an outside force exterminates the members of the society
(3) when the members become apathetic among themselves or have no more sense of belongingness
(4) when a small society is absorbed by a stronger and larger society by means of conquest or territorial absorption
(5) when an existing society is submerged in water killing all the people and other living things in it
(6) when the people living in such a society voluntarily attach themselves to another existing society.
34
who conceptualized the definition of culture in 1860s
E.B. Taylor
35
is a complex whole which consist of knowledge, beliefs, ideas, habits, attitudes, skills, abilities, values, norms, art, law, morals, customs, traditions, feelings and other capabilities of man which are acquired, learned and socially transmitted by man from one generation to another through language and living together as members of the society
culture
36
is a historically transmitted pattern of meanings embodied in symbols, a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic form by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes towards life. – Clifford Geertz
culture
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consists of learned systems of meaning, communicated by means of natural language and other symbol systems, having representational, directive, and affective functions, and capable of creating cultural entities and particular senses of reality – Roy D’Andrade
culture
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is an extra somatic (non-genetic, non-bodily), temporal continuum of things and events dependent upon symbols. Culture consists of tools, implements, utensils, clothing, ornaments, customs, institutions, beliefs, rituals, games, works of art, language, etc. -Leslie White
culture
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consists in the shared patterns of behavior and associated meanings that people learn and participate in within the groups to which they belong. – Whitten and Hunter
culture
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consists of whatever it is one has to know or believe in order to operate in a manner acceptable to its members. – Ward Good enough
society’s culture
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is an instrumental reality, and apparatus for the satisfaction of the biological and derived need”. It is the integral whole consisting of implements in consumers’ goods, of constitutional characters for the various social groupings, of human ideas and crafts, beliefs and custom. – Malinowski
culture
42
in general as a descriptive concept means the accumulated treasury of human creation: books, paintings, buildings, and the like; the knowledge of ways of adjusting to our surroundings, both human and physical; language, customs, and systems of etiquette, ethics, religion and morals that have been built up through the ages. – Kluckhohn and
Kelly
culture
43
Culture refers to that part of the total setting [of human existence] which includes the material objects of human manufacture, techniques, social orientations, points of view, and sanctioned ends that are the immediate conditioning factors underlying behavior or in simple terms it is the “man-made part of the environment. – Herskovits
culture
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is the total socially acquired life-way or life-style of a group of people
culture
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as everything that people have, thinks, and does as members of a society.
concept of culture
46
all cultures comprise
(a) material objects,
(b) ideas, values, and attitudes, and
(c) patterned ways of behaving.
47
is a term used by social scientists, like anthropologists and sociologists, to encompass all the facets of human experience that extend beyond our physical fact
culture
48
It simply refers to the way we understand ourselves both as individuals and as members of society, and includes stories, religion, media, rituals, and even language itself.
culture
49
characteristic of culture from the perspective of sociologist
1. dynamic, flexible and adaptive
2. shared and maybe challenged
3. Learned through socialization or enculturation
4. Patterned social interactions
5. Transmitted through socialization or enculturation
6. Requires language and other forms of communication
50
characteristic of culture from the perspective of anthropologist
1. learned
2. symbolic
3. Systemic and integrated
4. Shared
5. Encompassing
51
refers to the stability of society based on the collective agreement to rules and norms that allow us to cooperate, function as a society, and live together (ideally) in peace and harmony (Cole, 2019).
social order
52
12 function of culture
(1) it serves as the “trademark” of the people in the society
(2) it gives meaning and direction to one’s existence
(3) it promotes meaning to individual’s existence
(4) it predicts social behavior
(5) it unifies diverse behavior
(6) it provides social solidarity
(7) it establishes social personality
(8) it provides systematic behavioral pattern
(9) it provides social structure category
(10) it maintains the biologic functioning of the group; (11) it offers ready-made solutions to man’s material and immaterial problems
(12) it develops man’s attitude and values and gives him a conscience.
53
elements of culture
1. symbolic
2. language
3. technology
4. values
5. beliefs
6. norms
54
refers to anything that is used to stand for something else. It is anything that gives meaning to the culture
symbols
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is known as the storehouse of culture ( Arcinas, 2016). It system of words and symbols used to communicate with other people.
language
56
refers to the application of knowledge and equipment to ease the task of living and maintaining the environment; it includes artifacts, methods and devices created and used by people
technology
57
are culturally defined standards for what is good or desirable. Values determine how individuals will probably respond in any given circumstances
values
58
refers to the faith of an individual. They are conceptions or ideas of people have about what is true in the environment around them like what is life, how to value it and how one’s belied on the value of life relate with his or her interaction with others and the world.
beliefs
59
are specific rules/standards to guide for appropriate behavior These are societal expectations that mandate specific behaviors in specific situations
norms
60
2 types of norm
1. proscriptive norm
2. prescriptive norm
61
defines and tells us things not to do
proscriptive norm
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defines and tells us things to do
prescriptive norms
63
3 forms of norms
a. folkways
b. mores
c. laws
64
are also known as customs (customary/repetitive ways of doing things); they are forms of norms for everyday behavior that people follow for the sake of tradition or convenience
folkways
65
are strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior; they are based on definitions of right and wrong. They are norms also but with moral understones
mores
66
are controlled ethics and they are morally agreed, written down and enforced by an official law enforcement agency
laws
67
two components of culture
1. material culture
2. non-material culture
68
consists of tangible things. It refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture.
material culture
69
consists of intangible things . it refers to the nonphysical ideas that people have about their culture, including beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions.
non-material culture
70
3 modes of acquiring
1. imitation
2. indoctrination of suggestion
3. conditioning
71
Children and adults alike have the tendency to imitate the values, attitudes, language and all other things in their social environment
imitation
72
This may take the form of formal training or informal teaching.
Indoctrination or Suggestion
73
The values, beliefs, and attitudes of other people are acquired through conditioning. This conditioning can be reinforced through reward and punishment
Conditioning
74
7 Adaptation of Culture
1. Parallelism
2. Diffusion
3. Convergence
4. Fission
5. Acculturation
6. Assimilation
7. Accommodation
75
means that the same culture may take place in two or more different places.
Parallelism
76
refers to those behavioral patterns that pass back and forth from one culture to another. This is the transfer or spread of culture traits from one another brought about by change agents such as people or media
Diffusion
77
takes place when two or more cultures are fused or merged into one culture making it different from the original culture.
Convergence
78
takes place when people break away from their original culture and start developing a different culture of their own.
Fission
79
refers to the process wherein individuals incorporate the behavioral patterns of other cultures into their own either voluntarily or by force.
acculturation
80
occurs when the culture of a larger society is adopted by a smaller society, that smaller society assumes some of the culture of the larger society or cost society
Assimilation
81
occurs through imitation, borrowing, or personal contact with other people
Voluntary acculturation
82
occurs when the larger society and smaller society are able to respect and tolerate each other’s culture even if there is already a prolonged contact of each other’s culture.
Accommodation
83
5 Causes of Cultural Change
1. discovery
2. invention
3. diffusion
4. colonization
5. rebellion and revolutionary
84
is the process of finding a new place or an object, artefact or anything that previously existed
Discovery
85
implies a creative mental process of devising, creating and producing something new, novel or original; and also the utilization and combination of previously known elements to produce that an original or novel product.
Invention
86
is the spread of cultural traits or social practices from a society or group to another belonging to the same society or to another through direct contact with each other and exposure to new forms.
diffusion
87
4 social processes
1. acculturation
2. assimilation
3. amalgamation
4. Enculturation
88
cultural borrowing and cultural imitation
Acculturation
89
the blending or fusion of two distinct cultures through long periods of interaction
Assimilation
90
the biological or hereditary fusion of members of different societies
Amalgamation
91
the deliberate infusion of a new culture to another
Enculturation
92
refers to the political, social, and political policy of establishing a colony which would be subject to the rule or governance of the colonizing state
Colonization
93
movements aim to change the whole social order and replace the leadership
Rebellion and revolutionary
94
refers the differentiation of culture all over the world which means there is no right or wrong culture but there is appropriate culture for the need of a specific group of people.
Cultural diversity
95
refers to a smaller group within a larger culture
Sub-culture
96
refers cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society (example in the 1960”s counter culture among teenagers reflect long hair, blue jeans, peace sign, rock and roll music and drug abuse).
Counterculture
97
is experienced when some parts of the society do not change as fast as with other parts and they are left behind
Culture lag
98
is the inability to read meaning in one’s surroundings, feeling of lost and isolation, unsure to act as a consequence of being outside the symbolic web of culture that binds others.
Culture shock
99
refers to the social patterns mandated by cultural values and norms.
Ideal culture
100
refers to the actual patterns that only approximate cultural expectations
Real culture
101
refers to the cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite
high culture
102
refers to the cultural patterns that are widespread among a society’s population.
popular culture
103
is the manner by which culture evolves
culture change
104
is the differences in social behaviors that different cultures exhibit around the world
cultural variation
105
is a perception that arises from the fact that cultures differ and each culture defines reality differently.
ethnocentrism
106
is the opposite of ethnocentrism
xenocentrism
107
the belief that one’s culture is inferior compared to others.
xenocentrism
108
is the regard that one’s own culture and society is the center of everything and seen as the most efficient and superior among the cultures in the world.
Ethnocentrism
109
is the feeling of disoriented, uncertain, out of place or even fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture.
culture shock
110
is an attempt to judge behavior according to its cultural context
cultural relativism
111
are social being
human
112
is the practice by assessing a culture by its own standards rather that viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture. It is the practice that one must understood in the context of their locality.
cultural relativism
113
7 Advantages of Cultural Relativism:
1. It promotes cooperation.
2. Respect and Equality is encouraged.
3. It preserves human cultures.
4. Cultural relativism creates a society without judgement
5. Culture is evolving
6. Cultural Change
7. Cultural Variation
114
do not only occur between people’s culture coming from different countries, but also between people with different practices within the same country.
cultural variation or diversity
115
are patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies.
cultural universals
116
4 Variation between Cultures
1. subculture
2. counter culture
3. high culture
4. popular culture
117
is a culture that is shared with a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values which differ from a larger society
subculture
118
is a culture practice by groups whose values and norms place it at odds with mainstream society or a group that actively rejects the dominant cultural values and norms.
counter culture
119
is a culture practiced and patronized by the upper classes of the society.
high culture
120
is a culture practiced or patronized by the middle and working classes of the society.
popular culture
121
is the study methods that contrast how people behave in at least 2 different culture
Cross-cultural
122
this is a gradual change in the characteristics of a population of animals or plants over a successive generation
evolutionary/historical emphasis
123
complex relations between people and their environment.
ecological emphasis
124
is a perspective on the human condition that holds that the mind, body, individuals, society and the environmental interact and even define one another
holistic emphasis
125
3 major perspective of sociology
1. functionalist perspective
2. conflict perspective
3. symbolic interaction perspective
126
this view the society as a complex system that functions as a whole to promote stability and where each member of society has a function to fill
functionalist perspective
127
which sees society as a where differences and inequality generate conflict and cause change
conflict perspective
128
this contrast the functionalism and conflict perspective that examines society from a larger scale,
symbolic interaction perspective
129
3 perspective of political science
1. human behavior
2. politics
3. government
130
refers to a human act and interacts
human behavior
131
activities associated with governance of a country
politics
132
this is a system or group of people on charge of an organized community
government
