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UCSP Flashcards

1
Q

.It is related to sociology, it always describes human, human behavior and human societies around the world.

A

Anthropology

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2
Q

The term anthropology means

A

scientific study of man or human beings.

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3
Q

studies, human societies and elements of cultural life.

A

Cultural anthropology

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4
Q

an example of cultural anthropology which focuses on language in a certain society.

A

Linguistic anthropology

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5
Q

The study of man and its various aspects is known as

A

Anthropology

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6
Q

The goal of studying anthropology is to

A

understand the origin human evolution and the diverse forms of its existence throughout time.

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7
Q

It is the study of human social relationships and institutions.

A

sociology

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8
Q

It is a social science; it belongs to the family of social sciences.

A

sociology

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9
Q

The goal of sociology is to

A

help you understand how human action and consciousness both shape and are shaped by the surrounding cultural and social structures

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10
Q

It is a social science that deals with humans and their interactions.

A

political science

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11
Q

. It is a branch of sociology; it essentially deals with the large-scale actions of humans, and group mentality it is a discipline that deals with several aspects such as the study of state and government

A

political science

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12
Q

It deals with the nature and formation of the state and attempts to understand its forms and functions.

A

political science

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13
Q

The goal of Political Science is to

A

constantly deepen the knowledge, discover progress and protect the quality of life within a group, community, country, and the world

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14
Q

are culture, cultural relativism, fieldwork, human diversity, holism, bio-cultural focus.

A

anthropological perspective

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15
Q

four main perspective of anthropology

A
  • cross-cultural or comparative emphasis,
  • its evolutionary/historical emphasis,
  • its ecological emphasis,
  • and its holistic emphasis
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16
Q

It introduce the discipline of sociology, including something about its history, questions, theory, and scientific methods, and what distinguishes it from other social science disciplines.

A

sociological perspective

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17
Q

Sociology includes three major theoretical perspectives:

A
  • functionalist perspective;
  • the conflict perspective; and
  • the symbolic interaction perspective.
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18
Q

It is used to analyse and explain objects of social study, and facilitate organizing sociological knowledge

A

Theoretical Perspective

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19
Q

societies are thought to function like organisms, with various social institutions working together like organs to maintain and reproduce societies.

A

functionalist perspective

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20
Q

it sees social life as a competition, and focuses on the distribution of resources, power, and inequality.

A

conflict perspective

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21
Q

It studies the tendencies and actions of people which cannot be easily quantified or examined.

A

Political Science Perspective

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22
Q

is a group of people with common territory, interaction, and culture

A

society

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23
Q

Society is derived from the Latin term “_____” meaning company and was derived from the noun “_____”, which means companion or associate

A

societas and socius

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24
Q

two types of definition of society

A

the functional definition and the structural definition

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25
Q

society is defined as a complex of groups in reciprocal relationships, interacting upon one another, enabling human organisms to carry on their life-activities and helping each person to fulfill his wishes and accomplish his interests in association with his fellows

A

functional point of view

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26
Q

society is the total social heritage of folkways, mores and institutions; of habits, sentiments and ideals

A

structural point of view

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27
Q

3 reason people live together as a society

A

a. For survival
b. Feeling of gregariousness
c. Specialization

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28
Q

6 characteristic of society

A
  1. It is a social system.
  2. It is relatively large.
  3. It socializes its members and from those from without
  4. It endures, produces and sustains its members for generations.
  5. It holds its members through a common culture.
  6. It has clearly-defined geographical territory.
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29
Q

Major Functions of Society

A
  1. It provides a system of socialization
  2. It provides the basic needs of its members.
  3. It regulates and controls people’s behavior.
  4. It provides the means of social participation.
  5. It provides mutual support to the members.
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30
Q

6 classification of society According to economic and material system

A
  1. Pre-class Societies
    2.Asiatic Societies
  2. Ancient Societies
  3. Feudal Societies
  4. Capitalists Societies
    6.Democratic
    Societies
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31
Q

6 classification of society According to evolutionary view

A
  1. simple societies
  2. compound societies
  3. Doubly Compound Societies
  4. Militant Societies
  5. Industrial Societies
    6.Post-Industrial
    Societies
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32
Q

6 classification of society according to people’s substinence

A

1.Food Gathering
Societies
2. Horticultural
Societies
3. Pastoral Societies
4. Agricultural Societies
5. Industrial Societies
6. Post-Industrial Societies or
Information Societies

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33
Q

There are several ways by which a society is dissolved

A

(1) when the people kill each other through civil revolution;
(2) when an outside force exterminates the members of the society
(3) when the members become apathetic among themselves or have no more sense of belongingness
(4) when a small society is absorbed by a stronger and larger society by means of conquest or territorial absorption
(5) when an existing society is submerged in water killing all the people and other living things in it
(6) when the people living in such a society voluntarily attach themselves to another existing society.

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34
Q

who conceptualized the definition of culture in 1860s

A

E.B. Taylor

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35
Q

is a complex whole which consist of knowledge, beliefs, ideas, habits, attitudes, skills, abilities, values, norms, art, law, morals, customs, traditions, feelings and other capabilities of man which are acquired, learned and socially transmitted by man from one generation to another through language and living together as members of the society

A

culture

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36
Q

is a historically transmitted pattern of meanings embodied in symbols, a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic form by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes towards life. – Clifford Geertz

A

culture

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37
Q

consists of learned systems of meaning, communicated by means of natural language and other symbol systems, having representational, directive, and affective functions, and capable of creating cultural entities and particular senses of reality – Roy D’Andrade

A

culture

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38
Q

is an extra somatic (non-genetic, non-bodily), temporal continuum of things and events dependent upon symbols. Culture consists of tools, implements, utensils, clothing, ornaments, customs, institutions, beliefs, rituals, games, works of art, language, etc. -Leslie White

A

culture

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39
Q

consists in the shared patterns of behavior and associated meanings that people learn and participate in within the groups to which they belong. – Whitten and Hunter

A

culture

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40
Q

consists of whatever it is one has to know or believe in order to operate in a manner acceptable to its members. – Ward Good enough

A

society’s culture

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41
Q

is an instrumental reality, and apparatus for the satisfaction of the biological and derived need”. It is the integral whole consisting of implements in consumers’ goods, of constitutional characters for the various social groupings, of human ideas and crafts, beliefs and custom. – Malinowski

A

culture

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42
Q

in general as a descriptive concept means the accumulated treasury of human creation: books, paintings, buildings, and the like; the knowledge of ways of adjusting to our surroundings, both human and physical; language, customs, and systems of etiquette, ethics, religion and morals that have been built up through the ages. – Kluckhohn and
Kelly

A

culture

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43
Q

Culture refers to that part of the total setting [of human existence] which includes the material objects of human manufacture, techniques, social orientations, points of view, and sanctioned ends that are the immediate conditioning factors underlying behavior or in simple terms it is the “man-made part of the environment. – Herskovits

A

culture

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44
Q

is the total socially acquired life-way or life-style of a group of people

A

culture

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45
Q

as everything that people have, thinks, and does as members of a society.

A

concept of culture

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46
Q

all cultures comprise

A

(a) material objects,
(b) ideas, values, and attitudes, and
(c) patterned ways of behaving.

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47
Q

is a term used by social scientists, like anthropologists and sociologists, to encompass all the facets of human experience that extend beyond our physical fact

A

culture

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48
Q

It simply refers to the way we understand ourselves both as individuals and as members of society, and includes stories, religion, media, rituals, and even language itself.

A

culture

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49
Q

characteristic of culture from the perspective of sociologist

A
  1. dynamic, flexible and adaptive
  2. shared and maybe challenged
  3. Learned through socialization or enculturation
  4. Patterned social interactions
  5. Transmitted through socialization or enculturation
  6. Requires language and other forms of communication
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50
Q

characteristic of culture from the perspective of anthropologist

A
  1. learned
  2. symbolic
  3. Systemic and integrated
  4. Shared
  5. Encompassing
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51
Q

refers to the stability of society based on the collective agreement to rules and norms that allow us to cooperate, function as a society, and live together (ideally) in peace and harmony (Cole, 2019).

A

social order

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52
Q

12 function of culture

A

(1) it serves as the “trademark” of the people in the society
(2) it gives meaning and direction to one’s existence
(3) it promotes meaning to individual’s existence
(4) it predicts social behavior
(5) it unifies diverse behavior
(6) it provides social solidarity
(7) it establishes social personality
(8) it provides systematic behavioral pattern
(9) it provides social structure category
(10) it maintains the biologic functioning of the group; (11) it offers ready-made solutions to man’s material and immaterial problems
(12) it develops man’s attitude and values and gives him a conscience.

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53
Q

elements of culture

A
  1. symbolic
  2. language
  3. technology
  4. values
  5. beliefs
  6. norms
54
Q

refers to anything that is used to stand for something else. It is anything that gives meaning to the culture

A

symbols

55
Q

is known as the storehouse of culture ( Arcinas, 2016). It system of words and symbols used to communicate with other people.

A

language

56
Q

refers to the application of knowledge and equipment to ease the task of living and maintaining the environment; it includes artifacts, methods and devices created and used by people

A

technology

57
Q

are culturally defined standards for what is good or desirable. Values determine how individuals will probably respond in any given circumstances

A

values

58
Q

refers to the faith of an individual. They are conceptions or ideas of people have about what is true in the environment around them like what is life, how to value it and how one’s belied on the value of life relate with his or her interaction with others and the world.

A

beliefs

59
Q

are specific rules/standards to guide for appropriate behavior These are societal expectations that mandate specific behaviors in specific situations

A

norms

60
Q

2 types of norm

A
  1. proscriptive norm
  2. prescriptive norm
61
Q

defines and tells us things not to do

A

proscriptive norm

62
Q

defines and tells us things to do

A

prescriptive norms

63
Q

3 forms of norms

A

a. folkways
b. mores
c. laws

64
Q

are also known as customs (customary/repetitive ways of doing things); they are forms of norms for everyday behavior that people follow for the sake of tradition or convenience

A

folkways

65
Q

are strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior; they are based on definitions of right and wrong. They are norms also but with moral understones

A

mores

66
Q

are controlled ethics and they are morally agreed, written down and enforced by an official law enforcement agency

A

laws

67
Q

two components of culture

A
  1. material culture
  2. non-material culture
68
Q

consists of tangible things. It refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture.

A

material culture

69
Q

consists of intangible things . it refers to the nonphysical ideas that people have about their culture, including beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions.

A

non-material culture

70
Q

3 modes of acquiring

A
  1. imitation
  2. indoctrination of suggestion
  3. conditioning
71
Q

Children and adults alike have the tendency to imitate the values, attitudes, language and all other things in their social environment

A

imitation

72
Q

This may take the form of formal training or informal teaching.

A

Indoctrination or Suggestion

73
Q

The values, beliefs, and attitudes of other people are acquired through conditioning. This conditioning can be reinforced through reward and punishment

A

Conditioning

74
Q

7 Adaptation of Culture

A
  1. Parallelism
  2. Diffusion
  3. Convergence
  4. Fission
  5. Acculturation
  6. Assimilation
  7. Accommodation
75
Q

means that the same culture may take place in two or more different places.

A

Parallelism

76
Q

refers to those behavioral patterns that pass back and forth from one culture to another. This is the transfer or spread of culture traits from one another brought about by change agents such as people or media

A

Diffusion

77
Q

takes place when two or more cultures are fused or merged into one culture making it different from the original culture.

A

Convergence

78
Q

takes place when people break away from their original culture and start developing a different culture of their own.

A

Fission

79
Q

refers to the process wherein individuals incorporate the behavioral patterns of other cultures into their own either voluntarily or by force.

A

acculturation

80
Q

occurs when the culture of a larger society is adopted by a smaller society, that smaller society assumes some of the culture of the larger society or cost society

A

Assimilation

81
Q

occurs through imitation, borrowing, or personal contact with other people

A

Voluntary acculturation

82
Q

occurs when the larger society and smaller society are able to respect and tolerate each other’s culture even if there is already a prolonged contact of each other’s culture.

A

Accommodation

83
Q

5 Causes of Cultural Change

A
  1. discovery
  2. invention
  3. diffusion
  4. colonization
  5. rebellion and revolutionary
84
Q

is the process of finding a new place or an object, artefact or anything that previously existed

A

Discovery

85
Q

implies a creative mental process of devising, creating and producing something new, novel or original; and also the utilization and combination of previously known elements to produce that an original or novel product.

A

Invention

86
Q

is the spread of cultural traits or social practices from a society or group to another belonging to the same society or to another through direct contact with each other and exposure to new forms.

A

diffusion

87
Q

4 social processes

A
  1. acculturation
  2. assimilation
  3. amalgamation
  4. Enculturation
88
Q

cultural borrowing and cultural imitation

A

Acculturation

89
Q

the blending or fusion of two distinct cultures through long periods of interaction

A

Assimilation

90
Q

the biological or hereditary fusion of members of different societies

A

Amalgamation

91
Q

the deliberate infusion of a new culture to another

A

Enculturation

92
Q

refers to the political, social, and political policy of establishing a colony which would be subject to the rule or governance of the colonizing state

A

Colonization

93
Q

movements aim to change the whole social order and replace the leadership

A

Rebellion and revolutionary

94
Q

refers the differentiation of culture all over the world which means there is no right or wrong culture but there is appropriate culture for the need of a specific group of people.

A

Cultural diversity

95
Q

refers to a smaller group within a larger culture

A

Sub-culture

96
Q

refers cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society (example in the 1960”s counter culture among teenagers reflect long hair, blue jeans, peace sign, rock and roll music and drug abuse).

A

Counterculture

97
Q

is experienced when some parts of the society do not change as fast as with other parts and they are left behind

A

Culture lag

98
Q

is the inability to read meaning in one’s surroundings, feeling of lost and isolation, unsure to act as a consequence of being outside the symbolic web of culture that binds others.

A

Culture shock

99
Q

refers to the social patterns mandated by cultural values and norms.

A

Ideal culture

100
Q

refers to the actual patterns that only approximate cultural expectations

A

Real culture

101
Q

refers to the cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite

A

high culture

102
Q

refers to the cultural patterns that are widespread among a society’s population.

A

popular culture

103
Q

is the manner by which culture evolves

A

culture change

104
Q

is the differences in social behaviors that different cultures exhibit around the world

A

cultural variation

105
Q

is a perception that arises from the fact that cultures differ and each culture defines reality differently.

A

ethnocentrism

106
Q

is the opposite of ethnocentrism

A

xenocentrism

107
Q

the belief that one’s culture is inferior compared to others.

A

xenocentrism

108
Q

is the regard that one’s own culture and society is the center of everything and seen as the most efficient and superior among the cultures in the world.

A

Ethnocentrism

109
Q

is the feeling of disoriented, uncertain, out of place or even fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture.

A

culture shock

110
Q

is an attempt to judge behavior according to its cultural context

A

cultural relativism

111
Q

are social being

A

human

112
Q

is the practice by assessing a culture by its own standards rather that viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture. It is the practice that one must understood in the context of their locality.

A

cultural relativism

113
Q

7 Advantages of Cultural Relativism:

A
  1. It promotes cooperation.
  2. Respect and Equality is encouraged.
  3. It preserves human cultures.
  4. Cultural relativism creates a society without judgement
  5. Culture is evolving
  6. Cultural Change
  7. Cultural Variation
114
Q

do not only occur between people’s culture coming from different countries, but also between people with different practices within the same country.

A

cultural variation or diversity

115
Q

are patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies.

A

cultural universals

116
Q

4 Variation between Cultures

A
  1. subculture
  2. counter culture
  3. high culture
  4. popular culture
117
Q

is a culture that is shared with a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values which differ from a larger society

A

subculture

118
Q

is a culture practice by groups whose values and norms place it at odds with mainstream society or a group that actively rejects the dominant cultural values and norms.

A

counter culture

119
Q

is a culture practiced and patronized by the upper classes of the society.

A

high culture

120
Q

is a culture practiced or patronized by the middle and working classes of the society.

A

popular culture

121
Q

is the study methods that contrast how people behave in at least 2 different culture

A

Cross-cultural

122
Q

this is a gradual change in the characteristics of a population of animals or plants over a successive generation

A

evolutionary/historical emphasis

123
Q

complex relations between people and their environment.

A

ecological emphasis

124
Q

is a perspective on the human condition that holds that the mind, body, individuals, society and the environmental interact and even define one another

A

holistic emphasis

125
Q

3 major perspective of sociology

A
  1. functionalist perspective
  2. conflict perspective
  3. symbolic interaction perspective
126
Q

this view the society as a complex system that functions as a whole to promote stability and where each member of society has a function to fill

A

functionalist perspective

127
Q

which sees society as a where differences and inequality generate conflict and cause change

A

conflict perspective

128
Q

this contrast the functionalism and conflict perspective that examines society from a larger scale,

A

symbolic interaction perspective

129
Q

3 perspective of political science

A
  1. human behavior
  2. politics
  3. government
130
Q

refers to a human act and interacts

A

human behavior

131
Q

activities associated with governance of a country

A

politics

132
Q

this is a system or group of people on charge of an organized community

A

government

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