UB and urethra

Question 1

Which of the following statements about the normal canine penile urethra on transverse ultrasound is INCORRECT?

A. In the mid-penile region (just cranial to the scrotum), the urethra is not separately visible and lies within the corpus spongiosum.
B. The os penis appears distally as a hyperechoic “U-shaped” structure casting an acoustic shadow.
C. The urethra is typically more dorsal than the corpus cavernosum at the mid-penile level.
D. The bulbus glandis and corpus spongiosum anastomose around the urethra at the level of the os penis.

Answer 1

C. According to the text, at the mid-penile region, the corpus cavernosum lies dorsal to the urethra. Statement C reverses this relationship and is therefore incorrect.

Question 2

Which of the following layers of the urinary bladder are not usually distinguishable on a normal ultrasound exam?

A. Mucosa and submucosa
B. Muscularis and serosa
C. Adventitia and muscularis
D. All bladder wall layers are NOT distinctly visible in a healthy bladder

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which typical sonographic feature suggests bacterial or inflammatory cystitis in dogs?

A. Multiple large polyps protruding into the lumen
B. A thin, hyperechoic bladder wall with strong distal shadowing
C. Focal, irregular thickening of the dorsal bladder wall only
D. Cranioventral thickening of the bladder wall with possible hypoechoic changes

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Emphysematous cystitis is classically associated with which sonographic artifact?

A. Acoustic enhancement behind the bladder wall
B. Ring-down or reverberation artifact from intramural gas
C. Comet-tail artifact from small crystals
D. Mirror image artifact of the bladder lumen

Answer 4

B

Question 5

Which statement regarding polypoid cystitis is correct?

A. It always appears as multiple large masses in the bladder neck.
B. It typically forms a broad-based or pedunculated lesion projecting into the lumen.
C. It only occurs in the distal urethra and not in the bladder lumen.
D. It is indistinguishable from transitional cell carcinoma on ultrasound.

Answer 5

B

Question 6

Which ultrasound finding is most suggestive of transitional cell carcinoma in the bladder?

A. Uniform diffuse wall thickening centered at the apex
B. A broad-based, irregular mass frequently located at the trigone area
C. Small, mobile echogenic foci that move with patient repositioning
D. Thin, linear strands of fibrin crossing the bladder lumen

Answer 6

B

Question 7

Which sonographic feature best helps differentiate a blood clot from a bladder mass?

A. Presence of distal shadowing
B. Absence of internal echoes
C. Lack of color flow Doppler signal and possible mobility with patient repositioning
D. Very high echogenicity with reverberation artifact

Answer 7

C

Question 8

Pseudomembranous cystitis is characterized by severe:

A. Focal mineralization of the bladder wall
B. Gas formation restricted to the bladder apex
C. Ulceration, necrosis, and hemorrhagic or fibrinous debris in the bladder
D. Pedunculated masses restricted to the trigone

Answer 8

C

Question 9

On ultrasound, a suspected bladder rupture should be distinguished from a refraction artifact at the bladder edge by:

A. The presence of color flow signals on Doppler
B. The artifact typically moving with patient repositioning
C. Identification of true wall discontinuity and fluid leakage into the abdomen
D. Hyperechoic debris swirling in the bladder lumen

Answer 9

C