Adrenal glands Flashcards
Which structure serves as a crucial vascular landmark when locating the left adrenal gland, being cranial to the origin of this structure?
A) Portal vein
B) Left renal vein
C) Common iliac artery
D) Caudal mesenteric artery
b
Which structure serves as a crucial vascular landmark when locating the left adrenal gland, being ventral or caudal to the origin of this/these structure(s)?
A) Portal vein
B) Left renal vein
C) Caudal mesenteric and celiac arteries
D) Right renal vein
c
When scanning the right adrenal gland, what is a common mistake that hinders visualization?
A) Holding the probe at an oblique angle
B) Applying excessive pressure, which collapses the caudal vena cava
C) Using color Doppler too early in the examination
D) Mistaking the adrenal gland for the left kidney
b
When the right adrenal gland is difficult to image due to rib positioning, what alternative probe placement can be used?
A) Moving the probe to the left abdominal wall
B) Using one of the last two or three intercostal spaces
C) Rotating the probe in a transverse plane over the umbilicus
D) Increasing the probe pressure to compress the liver and improve visibility
b
What is the normal thickness range of feline adrenal glands?
A) 6–8 mm
B) 10–11 mm
C) 3.5–4.5 mm
D) 5–7 mm
c
What is the normal thickness range of canine adrenal glands?
A) 6–8 mm
B) 10–11 mm
C) 3.5–4.5 mm
D) 5–7 mm
a
What imaging characteristic can sometimes be observed in the adrenal glands of older cats that may be related with acoustic shadowing?
A) Hypoechoic regions suggesting hyperplasia
B) Small hyperechoic foci indicating microscopic calcification
C) Pulsatile blood flow within the gland
D) Loss of vascular landmarks
b
Which of the following is true regarding the shape of feline adrenal glands?
A) They are uniformly hyperechoic
B) They are triangular and elongated
C) They are ovoid and uniformly hypoechoic
D) They are irregular with mixed echogenicity
c
What is a common ultrasonographic feature of adrenal glands in dogs with chronic non-endocrine diseases?
A) Marked asymmetry between the left and right adrenal glands
B) Small, hyperechoic adrenal glands with indistinct margins
C) Mild symmetrical adrenal enlargement with a rounded shape
D) Complete absence of adrenal gland visualization
c
What is considered circumstantial ultrasound evidence of Addison’s disease in dogs?
A) Adrenal glands measuring 6 mm or larger
B) Presence of hyperechoic nodules in the adrenal cortex
C) Adrenal glands measuring 3.4 mm or less, or failure to detect them
D) Increased vascularity on Color Doppler imaging
c
Which adrenal lesion size generally suggests neoplasia rather than hyperplasia?
A) Greater than 4 cm
B) Less than 1 cm
C) Between 1–2 cm
D) Exactly 3 cm
a
