u9 Flashcards
up sloped runway gives the illusion that we’re too ______, so the pilot _____ power causing them to _______ the runway
high
reduce
undershoot
down sloped runway gives the illusion that we’re too ______, so the pilot _____ power causing them to _______ the runway
low
adds
overshoot
narrow runway gives the illusion that we’re too ______, so the pilot _____ power causing them to _______ the runway
high
reduces
undershoot
wide runway gives the illusion that we’re too ______, so the pilot _____ power causing them to _______ the runway
low
adds
overshoot
what gives the illusion of a black hole and how does it affect your approach slope
bright runway with dark surroundings and a bright city in the distance
looks like you’re too high so you lower your approach slope and undershot the runway
what is an auto kinetic illusion
stationary object is moving
what is a false visual reference illusion and give an example
you orient yourself with a false horizon
fly over banked cloud
mountains
rain on windshield makes the runway look different. how?
how does it affect your approach
runway looks higher and farther away so you reduce power and undershoot
what is a vection illusion
your plane is stationary but another plane is taxiing beside me so it makes the pilot think he’s the one moving
what is white out illusion
how does it affect your depth perception
horizon disappears because everything is white and featureless
depth perception reduced
semicircular canals:
- detect changes in _______ acceleration
- how does it work
- how do constant rate turns give you an illusion
angular acceleration (yaw, roll, pitch)
as you turn your head, the fluid moves in the canal and your hairs are bent in the opposite direction = signals brain
constant rate turns more than 20 sec - hairs go back upright so it tells ur brain there’s no more acceleration (turn). so when you start turing back to level flight, your brain feels like it’s turning in the opposite direction
what are the 4 illusions caused by the semicircular canals (false sense of rotation)
- LEANS - slow undetected roll, so when you straighten out you feel like you’re banked in the opposite direction
- GRAVEYARD SPIN - prolonged spin your brain gets used to the sensation and thinks the spin is over. so when pilot uses right rudder to stop the spin, the brain feels like you’re entering a right spin. so to correct the sensation, the pilot re-enters the left spin
- GRAVEYARD SPIRAL - prolonged bank turn, pilot brain got used to the sensation so when he corrects the bank and returns to level flight, his ear thinks he’s turning in the opposite direction. so to correct the sensation the pilot re-enters the original turn
- CORIOLIS ILLUSION - simultaneous sensation of two semicircular canals (pitching your head while plane is turning) can get pilot disoriented
otolith organs
- detect changes in _______ acceleration
- how does it work
linear
urticle and saccule in each ear, and when the fluid moves them, they signal brain there’s linear acceleration
3 types of somatogravic illusions from otolith organs
- INVERSION - steep climb followed by sudden return to level flight gives the illusion that you’re inverted
- HEAD UP ILLUSION - linear acceleration in level flight feels like the nose of the plane is pitching up so the pilot responds by pitching the nose down
- HEAD DOWN ILLUSION - linear deceleration in level flight feels like the nose of the plane is pitching down so the pilot responds by pitching the nose up
what are proprioceptive receptors
in the skin, muscles and joints that tells us body posture by sensing the relative position of our body parts in relation to each other and where it’s contacting the floor/seat
difference between spatial disorientation and airsickness
disorientation = mismatching signals telling you you’re at a false body orientation
airsickness = unfamiliar motion and orientation clues
what do you do if a passenger becomes airsick
open air vents
loosen clothing
focus on a point outside
keep head against seat rest
what is hypoxia
- first sign
- minor hypoxia impairs what at night? so what altitude must you use supplemental oxygen at night
- how are alc and hypoxia additive
- why are smokers more susceptible to hypoxia
hypoxia - lack of oxygen for body to function properly
euphoria
night vision - always have O2 above 5000 ft
one drink feels like two at 6000 ft
smokers have CO2 in blood and reduces O2 carrying capacity in blood
what is dysbarism
- what parts of your body will give you signs
- if a passenger complains about ^^^, what can you do and suggest they do
trapped gasses in body will expand or contract during altitude changes
ear, nose, tooth ache
i’m descending too fast so i can level off and then tell them to Valsalva, swallow or chew gum
what is decompression sickness (the bends)
you’re breathing pressurized air during scuba diving so your tissues are super-saturated with nitrogen
as your climb and air pressure gets lower, nitrogen bubbles can clump in your tissues
after non-decompression dives, avoid flights below 8000 ASL for ____
12h
after decompression dives (deep), avoid flights below 8000 ASL for _____
24h
regardless of what type of dive, avoid all flights above 8000 ASL for ______
24h
explain the cones and rods in your eyes
cones = central vision = need lots of light to see colour and detail
rods = peripheral vision = good for nighttime a
how long does it take for your eyes to adjust to the dark
30 min
spatial disorientation vs vertigo
spatial disorientation - confused about your sense of position
vertigo - hallucination of spinning when motion is stopped
after a local anesthesia (density) wait how long before flying
24h
after a general anesthesia wait how long before flying
cleared by aviation doctor
after a blood donation wait how long until flying
48h
less blood = less O2
how can you tell you have carbon monoxide poisoning?
headache, can’t concentrate, blurry vision, loss of consciousness
when you turn on carb heat but smell exhaust
hyperventilation vs hypoxia. how can you decipher whether you have one or the other
hyperventilation = too much O2
-> dizzy, cold, tight band around head, pins and needles, unconscious
-> if you do slow, light breaths, you’ll be able to get rid of it
hypoxia = not enough O2
what is the time of useful consciousness. how is it affected by high altitude or being a smoker
TUC = amount of time you can still function when O2 supply disappears
high altitude = TUC shortens
smoker = TUC shortens
how can you increase your tolerance to G force
what can you do during your maneuver to prevent blood from moving around from G force
weight lifting and short runs
during maneuver, tense calves and thigh muscles to prevent blood from moving
positive G force. where does blood go
feet
negative G force. where does blood go
to head (red out)
what is hypoxic hypoxia
what happens at 5000 ft? 8000 ft?
low O2 in blood from flying at high altitudes
5000 = night vision decreases
8000 = slight increase in heart rate and speed of breathing
what is anemic hypoxia
low RBC count so you naturally have a lower O2 carrying capacity
what is stagnant hypoxia
not enough blood flow to tissues when doing high G maneuvers
what is histotoxic hypoxia
cells physically can’t absorb the O2 that’s available due to drugs/alcohol/chemical poisoning
what is empty field myopia
eyes get lazy and can’t focus farther than 3 ft in front of you
what does the decision making acronym GRADE stand for
gather
review
analyze
decide
evaluate
what is the recognition-pried decision model (RPM)
is it for fast or slow decisions
disadvantages
using past experience of more experienced pilot rather than weighing multiple options
faster following PIC lead instead of too much time to weigh multiple options
crew feel rushed to follow a corse of action early, need experience to see these patterns
factors that affect decision making
knowledge
situational awareness
skill
experience and training
reasoning
risk assessment
stress
attitude
what is the stress response: omission
ignore something
what is the stress response: queuing
delaying certain tasks due to work load
what is the stress response: approximation
accept a lower standard of accuracy
what is the stress response: fixation
focus on one item and ignore everything else
what is the stress response: regression
you have experience in a similar plane so in the stressful situation you revert to using old procedures for your old plane
what is the stress response: tremor
physically shake
what is the stress response: escape
freeze at controls
what does the IMSAFE acronym stand for and what’s it used for
is the pilot fit for duty
illness
medications
stress
alcohol
fatigue
emotion
hazardous attitude: anti authority
ignoring rules they think isn’t necessary (don’t tell me what to do)
hazardous attitude: impulsive
acting fast without thinking
hazardous attitude: invulnerable
it won’t happen to me
hazardous attitude: macho
i can do it even though it’s risky
hazardous attitude: resignation
what’s the use
human body and lungs give off more water vapour above ____ ft. how do you deal with this issue
5000 ft
stay hydrated
alcohol stays in _______ even after it disappears from the blood, so your ______ is still affected
ear
balance
can fly up to _______ when you’re pregnant
but at ________ weeks, the seatbelt can cause baby injury
30 weeks
12-14 weeks
prolonged exposure to cold can cause what effects
VERTIGO
stiff muscles
slow pulse
weakness or sleepiness
loss of consciousness
long exposure to sound exceeding ___ dB can damage the ear
80 dB
what is passive behaviour
accepts the status quo to keep the peace
what is aggressive behaviour
hostile approach that must win at all cost
what is assertive behaviour
clear on your needs but recognizes other peoples opinions
