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A&P 1 > U7 Skeletal > Flashcards

U7 Skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the skeletal system?

A
  1. support framework for the body
  2. protection of vital organs
  3. body movements via joints
  4. hematopoiesis
  5. mineral reservoir for calcium & phosphorus
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1
Q

Axial skeleton consists of…

A
  1. Head
  2. Vertebral column
  3. bony thorax
  4. misc.
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2
Q

the head includes…

A
  1. skull (8)
  2. facial bones (14)
  3. ossicles (16)
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3
Q

the vertebral column includes…

A
  1. cervical (7)
  2. Thoracic (12)
  3. lumbar (5)
  4. sacrum (1 fused)
  5. coccyx (1 fused)
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4
Q

the bony thorax includes…

A
  1. sternum (1)
  2. Ribs (24)
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5
Q

axial skeleton misc.

A
  1. hyoid bone
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6
Q

appendicular skeleton consists of…

A
  1. upper extremities
  2. lower extremities
  3. pelvis
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7
Q

the upper extremities include..

A
  1. phalanges (28)
  2. metacarpals (10)
  3. carpals (16)
  4. radius & ulna (4)
  5. humerus (2)
  6. scapula (2)
  7. clavicle (2)
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8
Q

the lower extremities include..

A
  1. phalanges (28)
  2. metatarsals (10)
  3. tarsals (14)
  4. tibia & fibula (4)
  5. femur (2)
  6. patella (2)
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9
Q

the pelvis includes

A
  1. ilium
  2. ischium
  3. pubis
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10
Q

skull bones

A

8

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11
Q

facial bones

A

14

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12
Q

ossicles

A

6

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13
Q

cervial vertebrae

A

7

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14
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

12

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15
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

5

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16
Q

sacrum

A

1 fused

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17
Q

coccyx

A

1 fused

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18
Q

sternum

A

1

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19
Q

ribs

A

24 (12 ea.)

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20
Q

hyoid bone

A

1

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21
Q

phalanges

A

28

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22
Q

metacarpals

A

10

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23
Q

carpals

A

16

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24
Q

radius & ulna

A

4

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25
Q

humerus

A

2

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26
Q

scapula

A

2

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27
Q

clavicle

A

2

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28
Q

metatarsals

A

10

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29
Q

tarsals

A

14

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30
Q

tibia & fibula

A

4

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31
Q

femur

A

2

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32
Q

patella

A

2

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33
Q

ilium

A

1 fused

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34
Q

ischium

A

1 fused

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35
Q

pubis

A

1 fused

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36
Q

long bones

A
  1. humerus
  2. radius
  3. ulna
  4. metacarpals
  5. phalanges
  6. femur
  7. tibia
  8. fibula
  9. metatarsals
37
Q

short bones

A
  1. carpals
  2. tarsals
38
Q

flat bones

A
  1. ribs
  2. sternum
  3. scapula
  4. clavicles
  5. skull cap
39
Q

irregular bones

A
  1. vertebra
  2. facial bones
  3. skull bones
40
Q

sesamoid bones

A
  1. patella
  2. foot
41
Q

condyle

A

round projection that forms an articular surface

42
Q

head

A

-round projection that extends from a constricted neck
- forms an articular surface

43
Q

trochanter

A

very large projection for tendon attachment

44
Q

tuberosity

A

medium sized projection for tendon attachment

45
Q

tubercle

A

small projection for tendon attachment

46
Q

spine

A

sharp projection (ilium, post. scap)

47
Q

Crest

A

ridge or edge running the length of a bone

48
Q

Foramen

A

round opening in bone for blood vessels & nerves

49
Q

fissures

A

narrow but deep slit-like opening

50
Q

meatus

A

opening into a canal

51
Q

fossa

A

furrow or hollow area (like a cup)

52
Q

sulcus

A

groove

53
Q

sinus

A

air-filled cavity in bones

54
Q

Periosteum

A

-thin but dense outer bone covering
- not present @ articulating surfaces of long bone

55
Q

Cortical bone

A
  • “compact)
  • thick, dense layer under periosteum
  • provides strength & support
56
Q

cancellous bone

A
  • Trabecular or spongy
  • very porous at the end of long bones and in flat bones
  • contains red bone marrow
57
Q

trabeculae

A

-evident at ends on long bones
- web-like structure of cancellous bone only

58
Q

endosteum

A
  • inner most lining
  • only in diaphysis
  • trabecular membrane that lines the medullary cavity
59
Q

medullary cavity

A
  • central shaft of bones
  • contains yellow bone marrow
60
Q

Articular cartilage

A

-cartilage that covers the articular surface in long bones
-provides a cushion

61
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

-in shaft of long bones
-fat reservoir in the medullary cavities
-not essential for life

62
Q

red bone marrow

A
  • found in spongy part of long & flat bones
  • red blood cells are produced
    -essential for life
63
Q

diaphysis

A
  • shaft of long bones
  • primary ossification center
  • first portion of bone to develop
64
Q

epiphysis

A

-ends of long bones
- secondary ossification center
- develops later in childhood

65
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

-“growth plate”
-between diaphysis and epiphysis
- slowly narrows as bones mature
- last part to turn into bone

66
Q

metaphysis

A

-wider portion of long bone
-where diaphysis transitions to epiphyseal plate

67
Q

osteons

A

-rings of microscopic bone
-consisting of bone cells and protein fibers (collagen)
-gives cortical bone strength & rigidity

68
Q

Haversian canal

A

-center of each osteon
-where blood vessels are found to deliver nutrients to bone tissue

69
Q

osteocytes

A

-star-shaped bone cells
- bound together by collagen
-more densely packed in compact bone than in spongy

70
Q

osteoclasts

A

-specialized bone cells
-dissolve osteocytes and collagen

71
Q

osteoblasts

A

-become osteocytes during bone repair/growth
-“build” bone
-located in the periosteum & endosteum
-migrate to osteon to create new bone

72
Q

ossification

A

-process of bone forming from cartilage
-two types:
intramembranous
endochondral

73
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

process of bone replacing cartilage in flat bones

74
Q

endochondral ossification

A

process of bone replacing cartilage @ the epiphyseal plate of long bones

75
Q

where does skeletal growth begin?

A

diaphysis

76
Q

where does post partum growth occur

A

center of diaphysis toward the epiphysis

77
Q

When does the epiphyseal plate appear in radiographs?

A

up until adulthood

78
Q

how do bones grow?

A

from the inside out

79
Q

when is skeletal growth complete?

A

between 18 and 21 years

80
Q

when is post-puberty bone formation done?

A

during remodeling and repair

81
Q

bone remodeling

A

normal process of bone recycling itself

82
Q

Osteoporosis

A

-there is less bone mass/lose rigidity
-osteoblasts are not properly rebuilding bone

83
Q

Osteropetrosis

A

-too much bone mass
- overly dense
-osteoclasts are not properly resorbing bone

84
Q

what is a DEXA scan?

A

bone density test

85
Q

DEXA

A

Dual Energy X-ray Absorption

86
Q

Stages of bone repair

A
  1. Swelling
  2. bridging
  3. hardening
  4. shaping
87
Q

Inflammatory stage

A

-fractured bone -> torn blood vessels
-torn vessels -> swelling
-chemicals are released to kill pathogens
-phagocytes move in to destroy dead cells & pathogens
-week 0-1

88
Q

Soft callus stage

A

-soft-bridge is formed
-osteoblasts migrate to fracture to begin developing fibrous cartilage
-fibroblasts move in to create collagen fibers to bind cartilage cells together
-week 1-2

89
Q

Hard callus stage

A

-fibrous cartilage -> cancellous bone
-cancellous bone -> compact bone
- compact bone takes longer to form due to its density
-bone is structurally sound
-callus has formed
-week 4-5

90
Q

remodeling stage

A

-osteoclasts begin dissolving the callus to create original bone shape
-fx. site will be slightly thicker from additional osetocytes
-may take years depending on severity, age, etc.
-week 6 -years

A&P 1 (6 decks)

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