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2S CYTOGEN > U7: KARYOTYPE STAINING PART 1 > Flashcards

U7: KARYOTYPE STAINING PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Karyotyping is under what branch of cytogenetics?

A

Classical

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2
Q

T/F: Karyotyping is one of the oldest staining methods.

A

T

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3
Q

Karyotyping is modernized due to?

A

automation

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4
Q

This refers to a staining stimulation in which after the computer arranges the chromosome, it assigns a color to each respective chromosome.

A

Color coding

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5
Q

This is the number and appearance of chromosome in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

A

Karyotype

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6
Q

T/F: Karyotyping refers to the entire process of producing the Karyogram.

A

T

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7
Q

Information on the karyotype:

_____ of the chromosome

A

Size

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8
Q

Information on the karyotype:

________ of centromere

A

Position

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9
Q

Information on the karyotype:

Presence of _______ _________

A

secondary constrictions

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10
Q

Information on the karyotype:

Size of _______

A

Satellites

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11
Q

Information on the karyotype:

Presence of this indicates diseases.

A

Secondary constrictions

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12
Q

Definition of terms

comes from the Greek word “Karyon

A

Karyotype

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13
Q

Definition of terms

Greek word that means “nucleus”

A

Karyon

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14
Q

Definition of terms

The study of whole sets of chromosomes

A

Karyology

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15
Q

Definition of terms

the standard format of representing chromosomes as diagram when the haploid set of chromosomes of an organism are ordered in a series of decreasing size

A

Idiogram or Karyogram

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16
Q

Definition of terms

What set of chromosomes are ordered in a series of decreasing size?

A

Haploid

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17
Q

Definition of terms

In what order are chromosomes arranged?

A

Decreasing order in size

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18
Q

Types of Karyotype

show larger differences between smaller and larger chromosome in a set

A

Asymmetric karyotype

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19
Q

Types of Karyotype

Have more acrocentric chromosomes and relatively advanced feature

A

Asymmetric karyotype

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20
Q

Types of Karyotype

Asymmetric karyotype show l______ differences between smaller and larger chromosome in a set. Have more a________ chromosomes and r______ advanced feature

A

larger, acrocentric, relatively

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21
Q

Types of Karyotype

show lesser difference between smaller and larger chromosome in a set

A

Symmetric karyotype

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22
Q

Types of Karyotype

Have more metacentric chromosomes and no advanced feature

A

Symmetric karyotype

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23
Q

Types of Karyotype

Symmetric karyotype show l_____ difference between smaller and larger chromosome in a set. Have more m______ chromosomes and n___ advanced feature

A

lesser, metacentric, no

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24
Q

In 1931, this Russian scientist suggested that in flowering plants there is a predominant trend towards karyotype asymmetry

A

Grigorii Andreevich Levitzky

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25
Q

What predominant trend is seen in flowering plants according to Levitzky?

A

Karyotype asymmetry

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26
Q

In what plants is karyotype asymmetry observed by Levitzky?

A

genus Crepis

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27
Q

Plant with symmetric karyotype

A

Pinus

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28
Q

Plant with asymmetric karyotype

A

Gingko biloba

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29
Q

This refers to a proportion of metacentric, acrocentric chromosomes in a set.

A

Degree of asymmetry

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30
Q

Ratio between size of largest and smallest chromosomes in a set.

A

Degree of asymmetry

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31
Q

Degree of asymmetry

__________ of metacentric, acrocentric chromosomes in a set.

A

Proportion

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32
Q

Degree of asymmetry

_________ between size of largest and smallest chromosomes in a set.

A

Ratio

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33
Q

Interpretation of Degree of asymmetry

A

Higher proportion of acrocentric chromosomes, greater value of size ratio, more asymmetrical

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34
Q

Degree of asymmetry

↑ proportion of _____ chromosomes

A

acrocentric

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35
Q

Degree of asymmetry

↑ proportion of acrocentric chromosome, ↑ value of ______

A

size ratio

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36
Q

Degree of asymmetry

↑ proportion of acrocentric chromosome, ↑ value of size ratio

A

↑ asymmetric karyotype

37
Q

Process of pairing and ordering all the chromosomes of an organism to provide a genome-wide snapshot of individual’s chromosomes

A

Karyotyping

38
Q

T/F: Karyotyping starts from staining.

39
Q

What does karyotyping provide?

A

genome-wide snapshot of individual’s chromosomes

40
Q

Karyotypes are prepared using s_______ s_______ p________

A

standardized staining procedures

41
Q

These produce banding patterns and reveal characteristic structural features.

A

standardized staining procdures

42
Q

This can reveal subtle structural changes and can reveal changes in chromosome number with aneuploid conditions.

A

Karyotyping analysis

43
Q

Dark staining

A

Heterochromatin

44
Q

Light staining

A

Euchromatin

45
Q

This makes DNA compact, and stops gene expression.

A

Methylation

46
Q

_________ of DNA and histones causes nucleosomes to pack tightly together. Transcription factors cannot bind the DNA, and genes are n____ e_________.

A

Methylation, not expressed

47
Q

This makes DNA loose and opens it for gene expression.

A

Acetylation

48
Q

__________ results in loose packing of nucleosomes. Transcription factors can bind the DNA and genes are e________.

A

Acetylation, expressed

49
Q

Materials needed for Karyotyping

A
  • Sterile 5 mL syringe
  • 21-gauge syringe needle
  • Conical tubes (15mL)
  • Green-top Vacutube
  • Glass slides
  • Pasteur Pipette
  • Pipettor and tips
  • Serological Pipette
50
Q

Reagents needed for Karyotyping

A
  • Glacial acetic acid
  • Methanol
  • KCl (hypotonic solution)
  • RPMI Growth Medium
  • Fetal Bovine Serum
  • Phytohemagglutinin
  • Colcemid
  • Giemsa Dye
  • Trypsin
51
Q

Equipment for Karyotyping

A
  • Centrifuge
  • Incubator at 37° CO
  • Refrigerator
  • Inverted Microscope
  • Light Microscope
52
Q

Materials needed for Karyotyping

Syringe volume and gauge

A

5mL, 21-gauge

53
Q

Materials needed for Karyotyping

Size of Conical Tubes

54
Q

Materials needed for Karyotyping

Color of Vacutube top

A

Green (Sodium Heparin)

55
Q

Reagents needed for Karyotyping

Has bicarbonate

A

RPMI Growth Medium

56
Q

Reagents needed for Karyotyping

Source of Albumin

A

Fetal Bovine Serum

57
Q

Reagents needed for Karyotyping

Stimulates mitosis, can agglutinate

A

Phytohemagglutinin

58
Q

Reagents needed for Karyotyping

Arrest cells in mitosis, specifically metaphase stage

59
Q

Reagents needed for Karyotyping

This is a digestive enzyme, and is partnered with Giemsa

60
Q

T/F: Carbon dioxide in the incubator is used to balance the bicarbonate of RPMI Growth Medium.

61
Q

5 Major Steps in Karyotyping

A
  1. Short term lymphocyte culture
  2. Harvesting of lymphocytes
  3. Fixing the cells
  4. Making the chromosome slides
  5. Slide analysis
62
Q

First step in Karyotyping

A
  1. Short term lymphocyte culture
63
Q

Short term lymphocyte culture

How many ml of venous blood is drawn?

A

10 to 20 ml

64
Q

T/F: If peripheral leukocyte culture is the first step, then that is the start of the karyotype process.

65
Q

Definition of terms

This means “husk”

66
Q

Definition of terms

What can be observed in whole sets of chromosomes?

A

Genetic conditions

67
Q

T/F: The degree of asymmetry can be used for new species.

68
Q

T/F: It is still called “genome-wide” if not all 23 pairs are present.

A

F ; All 23 pairs must be present

69
Q

T/F: You can detect SNPs, point mutations, microdeletions, etc. in a karyotype.

A

F ; Use molecular cytogenetics

70
Q

Test for source of specimens

A

Amniocentesis, Chorionic villus

71
Q

Pink stain

72
Q

T/F: Some kinds of methylation proceed with transcription, but it mainly stops gene expression.

73
Q

T/F: Anticoagulated blood cells are needed for karyotyping.

74
Q

Reagents needed for Karyotyping

This refers to pure acetic acid.

A

Glacial acetic acid

75
Q

Reagents needed for Karyotyping

CH3COOH

A

Glacial acetic acid

76
Q

Reagents needed for Karyotyping

CH3OH

77
Q

Reagents needed for Karyotyping

This refers to a salt, hypotonic solution.

A

KCl (Potassium Chloride)

78
Q

Reagents needed for Karyotyping

RPMI stands for?

A

Roswell Park Memorial Institute

So UNSERIOUS???

79
Q

Reagents needed for Karyotyping

This is used for growth in peripheral leukocyte culture.

A

RPMI Growth Medium

80
Q

T/F: RPMI Growth Medium can also be used with cancer cells.

81
Q

Reagents needed for Karyotyping

Is acting as a mitogen in karyotyping, but is also called a “Lectin” (plant product, carbohydrate) which is also used to classify cells in the body

A

Phytohemagglutinin

82
Q

Reagents needed for Karyotyping

This is produced by the pancreas and is found in the gastrointestinal tract

83
Q

Equipment needed for Karyotyping

Source of buffering for pH maintenance in RPMI (with bicarbonate)

A

Incubator at 37C with CO2

84
Q

What is used for culture in adults?

A

Peripheral lymphocyte

85
Q

What is used for culture in children or infants?

A

Amniocentesis (skin cells from embryo), Chorion (cord)

86
Q

What is used to lyse RBCs?

A

Glacial acetic acid

87
Q

Out of all WBCs, _________ are stimulated by mitogens.

A

Lymphocytes

88
Q

How many days should you incubate the culture medium?

A

2 to 3 days

89
Q

What reagent and how many hours should you add to the culture to stop mitosis in metaphase?

A

Colcemid, 1 to 2 hours

2S CYTOGEN (16 decks)

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