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8th: Science Semester 2 > U6L4 Impacts of Fossil Fuels > Flashcards

U6L4 Impacts of Fossil Fuels Flashcards

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1
Q

What are emissions?

A

Gases that are released when fossil fuels are burned

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2
Q

How do power plants generate electricity?

A

By burning fossil fuels

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3
Q

How do cars, trucks, ships, and planes operate?

A

By burning fossil fuels

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4
Q

What is the most abundant chemical emitted by fossil fuels?

A

Carbon dioxide

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5
Q

What happens when CO2, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxide meet water, oxygen, and other chemicals in the atmosphere.

A

When these chemicals meet water, oxygen and other chemicals in the atmosphere, smog, acid rain, and harmful particulate matter is formed.

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6
Q

What is the definition of greenhouse gases?

A

Gases that trap heat from the sun in Earth’s atmosphere

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7
Q

Which industries produce the greatest proportion of canon dioxide emission in the United States?

A

Electricity production and transportation produce the greatest proportion of carbon dioxide emissions, followed by industrial uses.

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8
Q

Wha happens when people inhale nitrogen oxides, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide?

A

When people inhale these gases, they may experience respiratory issues. Long-term exposure can increase the risk of asthma.

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9
Q

What is formed when nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide react with other chemicals?

A

Particulate matter

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10
Q

How does particulate matter contribute to breathing problems?

A

Particulate matter can range from soot or smoke to particles less than 2.5 micrometers wide, and it contributes to breathing problems.

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11
Q

Both nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide are common components of _____.

A

smog

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12
Q

What is the definition of particulate matter?

A

A form of pollution consisting of solid or liquid particles in the air

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13
Q

What is the definition of smog?

A

A severe type of air pollution, originally named for a mixture of smoke and fog.

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14
Q

How is most nitrogen dioxide formed?

A

Most nitrogen dioxide in the air comes from vehicle and power plant emissions.

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15
Q

How is sulfur dioxide formed?

A

Sulfur dioxide is produced by power plants and industries.

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16
Q

How do sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide effect the environment?

A

Both chemicals can contribute to the formation of acid rain, but sulfur dioxide is particularly damaging to plants and trees.

17
Q

What is the two types of ozone?

A
  1. Ozone unit the upper atmosphere

2. Ozone at ground level

18
Q

What does the ozone in the upper atmosphere do?

A

Ozone in the upper atmosphere helps protect Earth from ultraviolet rays from the sun. This ozone occurs naturally.

19
Q

What is ozone at ground level? Why is it problematic?

A

This type of ozone is produced when nitrogen dioxide reacts with other compounds and with sunlight. Ground- level ozone is a major component of smog. Respiratory problems can result from inhaling ground-level ozone.

20
Q

The International Energy Agency estimates that people worldwide use __________ barrels of oil every day.

A

93 million

21
Q

What is the definition of biosphere?

A

The parts of the Earth that serve as habits for living things

22
Q

What is the definition of hydrosphere?

A

Water that is on or under Earth’s surface

23
Q

How does acid rain form?

A

After sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides (like nitrogen dioxide) enter the atmosphere, they react with other substances to form acids. These acids mix with water and return to the ground as acid rain.

24
Q

How does the pH of acid rain compare to that of typical rain?

A

Typical rain has a pH of 5.6, but acid rain’s pH ranges from 4.2–4.4.

25
Q

How does acidic water affect plants?

A

The acidic water leaches aluminum from the soil, which affects the health of nearby waterways and the animals that live there. Acid rain strips soil of nutrients that plants need, and it can also damage the foliage on trees.

26
Q

How does ground level ozone affect plants?

A

Affected leaves may turn brown or red or develop spots. For crops that are sensitive to ozone, like soybeans and cotton, high concentrations of ozone in the atmosphere can significantly reduce crop yield.

27
Q

What happens when the ocean absorbs carbon dioxide?

A

The pH decreases

28
Q

How does the pH decreasing affects shells of animals?

A

As the pH decreases, the amount of carbonate in the water also decreases. Carbonate is one of the building blocks of a lot of the shells that are in marine organisms. For example, all the mollusks, the snails, the sea urchins, all of these use calcium carbonate to make their shells.

29
Q

Pteropods, such as sea butterflies, a type of sea snail, are among the creatures that form the base of a food chain in the Ross Sea that includes predators, such as Antarctic cod, penguins, Weddell seals, and orca whales.

A

They say these changes could have serious implications on the future survival of other creatures throughout the Ross Sea.

30
Q

To monitor the changes if the pH what did scientists do?

A

To monitor these changes, lead researcher Gretchen Hoffman and her team have been deploying automated ocean sensors around McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, since 2010, giving them the longest continuous data set of ocean pH in the region.

31
Q

What is the sea fett?

A

It is used to measure the pH of the ocean.

32
Q

What is the definition of cryosphere?

A

Areas of ice and snow on Earth

33
Q

What is the definition of albedo?

A

The amount of radiation reflected from a surface

34
Q

How does the use of fossil fuels affect the cryosphere?

A

Higher levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause sea ice to melt.

35
Q

Why are rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere harmful?

A

Carbon dioxide traps heat in Earth’s atmosphere.

36
Q

Which of the following chemicals are pollutants released when people burn fossil fuels? Select the two correct answers.

nitrogen dioxide

helium oxide

dihydrogen oxide

argon dioxide

sulfur dioxide

A

Nitrogen dioxide

Sulfur dioxide

37
Q

How do changes in the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels affect plant life? Select the two correct answers.

Warmer temperatures support plant growth.
Warmer temperatures support plant growth.

Increased carbon dioxide levels slow plant growth.

Acid rain removes nutrients from soil.

Increased ozone levels slow plant growth.

Increased nitrogen dioxide levels provide nutrients for plants

A

Acid rain removes nutrients from soil.

Increased ozone levels slow plant growth.

8th: Science Semester 2 (65 decks)

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