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8th: Science Semester 2 > U6L1 Fossil Fuels > Flashcards

U6L1 Fossil Fuels Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of a non renewable resource?

A

A resource that cannot be renewed or replaced

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2
Q

What is the most abundant fossil fuel in world?

A

Coal

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3
Q

Coal is a hydrocarbon. What is the definition of hydrocarbon?

A

Compound of hydrogen and carbon

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4
Q

What is coal mainly used for?

A

Electricity

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5
Q

When did coal formation begin?

A

300 million years ago

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6
Q

Which type of organisms does coal come from?

A

Plants and algae

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7
Q

Where did coal formation happen?

A

In swamps
…
On Earth, seas were wide and shallow, and forests were dense. The forest were overtaken with water, which trapped algae and plants at the bottom of swamp wetlands.

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8
Q

Explain how coal is made from high pressure, compression, and temperature.

A

Over millions of years, the dead plants (mostly mosses) and algae were buried under layers of sediment and rocks. The high pressure and compression from these layers caused temperatures to increase. The high temperatures and acidic water prohibited plant matter from receiving oxygen. As a result, the plant matter decayed slowly. As it decayed, it kept most of its carbon, its main energy source. Through this process, peat was changed to carbon-rich coal far below Earth’s surface.

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9
Q

How did temperate contribute to the decay of the plants and algae?
(Coal)

A

The high temperatures and acidic water prohibited plant matter from receiving oxygen. As a result, the plant matter decayed slowly. As it decayed, it kept most of its carbon, its main energy source.

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10
Q

What are the places that this matter (that will make up coal) is buried called?
(Coal)

A

Places underground where this matter was buried are known as peat bogs.

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11
Q

Oil is a fossil fuel consisting a mixture of _________.

A

hydrocarbons

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12
Q

Where is oil found?

A

It exists in liquid form underground in reservoirs or in tiny spaces within sedimentary rocks.

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13
Q

How is oil extracted from ground?

A

It is extracted from the ground through drilling.

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14
Q

What are petroleum products made from?

A

Crude oil and natural gas

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15
Q

What is oil mainly used for?

A

Gasoline and the transportation industry?

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16
Q

Natural gas is a fossil fuel is made up of many compounds, what is the largest element in natural gas?

A

Methane

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17
Q

Where is most natural gas found?

A

Most natural gas is found in spaces and cracks between rocks.

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18
Q

How is natural gas extracted?

A

It is extracted by either drilling or by hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking.

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19
Q

What is fracking?

A

Fracking consists of breaking the rocks to release the natural gas.

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20
Q

What is natural gas most used for?

A

Electricity and fuel

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21
Q

Where does oil and natural gas from?

A

In oceans millions of years ago

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22
Q

How is oil made?

A

When marine animals and plants died and fell to the ocean floor where they were buried. Layers of sand, sediment, and water covered the remains. If the decaying matter was mostly animals, intense heat and pressure compressed the decaying animal matter into oil.

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23
Q

How is natural gas made?

A

If the decaying matter was mostly plants and there was an extreme amount of heat and pressure, the carbon bonds broke down into methane, producing natural gas.

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24
Q

How was coal formed?

400 to 300 million years ago

A

Coal formation starts in swamps. Plants—mostly moss —die and fall to the bottom of a swamp.

25
Q

How was oil and natural gas formed?

400 to 300 million years ago

A

Oil and natural gas formation starts in oceans where small marine organisms, including algae and plankton, die and fall to the bottom of the ocean floor.

26
Q

How was coal formed?

100 million years ago

A

Over time, sediments, rock, and water cover the decaying matter, putting intense heat and pressure on it. In swamps, oxygen is pushed out of the decaying matter, which sits below layers of sediment and rocks that have built up overtop of the decaying plants, leaving carbon-rich coal,.

27
Q

How is oil and natural gas formed?

100 million years ago

A

In oceans, decaying matter, which sits below layers of sediment and rocks that have built up overtop of the decaying marine organisms, is compressed into oil. If remains are mostly plants and temperatures are high, carbon bonds break, producing methane or natural gas instead.

28
Q

What is a fossil fuel?

A

A fossil fuel is a fuel (such as coal, oil, or natural gas) formed millions of years ago on Earth from plant or animal remains.

29
Q

What are the steps in coal formation?

A

Coal is formed underneath the floor of swamps. Plants die and fall to the bottom of swamps. Sediment, rocks, and water cover decaying matter, putting heat and pressure on it. Oxygen is pushed out of decaying matter, leaving carbon-rich coal.

30
Q

What are the steps in oil and natural gas formation?

A

Natural gas and oil are formed underneath the ocean floor. Plants and animals die and fall to the ocean floor. Sediment, sand, and water cover decaying matter, putting heat and pressure on it. Decaying matter is compressed into oil. If the remains are mostly plants and temperatures are high enough, carbon bonds break, producing methane, or natural gas.

31
Q

What are deposits of coal called?

A

Coal seams or coal beds

32
Q

Where are coal seams?

A

In sedimentary rock, sometimes near the surface and other buried deep underground

33
Q

How is coal extracted?

A

Mining (underground or surface)

34
Q

When is surface mining used?

A

It is used when coal is less than 200 feet underground.

35
Q

When is underground mining used?

A

This method is used to remove coal deeper underground. Mine shafts are built and miners ride elevators down deep shafts. They travel through tunnels in the mine to access the coal.

36
Q

After coal is extracted when is it taken?

A

Preparation plants

37
Q

What happens to the coal in the preparation plant?

A

It is cleaned to remove ash, dirt, rocks, sulfur, and other materials. Larger pieces of coal are crushed into smaller, useful sizes.

38
Q

After the coal is prepared, where does it do?

A

To industries for use

39
Q

Why do industries burn coal?

A

Industries burn coal to produce energy and electricity. Burning coal produces steam. Steam rotates turbines, which, in turn, produces electricity.

40
Q

Why do industries turn coal into a liquid?

A

Liquid coal can be used in the transportation industry as a petroleum substitute. This usage is not common, however, and accounts for just 1% of all coal use.

41
Q

Coal can also be processed into liquid fuel through the process of _______.

A

liquefaction

42
Q

Today, where is crude oil buried?

A

Today, crude oil is buried underground in reservoirs or pools as well as in small spaces within sedimentary rocks.

43
Q

How is crude oil processed?

A

Crude oil is piped into a furnace and heated to temperatures as high as 1,050 degrees Fahrenheit. It is then piped into a distillation tower where various hydrocarbons in the crude oil cause the oil to rise to different levels in the tower according to the boiling point of the hydrocarbons.

44
Q

Which crude oil is turned into gasoline easily?

A

The levels near the top of the tower collect liquids and gases with lower boiling points. Some of the liquids are processed into gasoline.

45
Q

Which crude oil is more difficult to turn into gasoline?

A

The levels near the bottom of the tower collect liquids with higher boiling points. Some of these liquids can undergo more complicated processing to convert them into gasoline.

46
Q

How many gallons of gasoline does the world consume in a single day?

A

3.8 billion

47
Q

How does crude oil get extracted from the ground?

A

To get this crude oil, we drill deep down into the earth and pull it out, in a process known as extraction.

48
Q

After the crude oil is extracted how and where does it go?

A

From there, the oil is transported via pipelines or tankers over hundreds of miles to a refinery.

49
Q

How is crude oil refined?

A

We start by putting it into what’s known as a crude tower and raising the temperature to over 700 degrees. At that temperature, crude oil finally starts to boil and break apart in a process known as cracking. After further refinement in a vacuum tower, we finally have our petrol.

50
Q

Why is petrol so good for car engines?

A

Petrol is incredibly explosive and flammable, but that’s what makes it so useful when it comes to our car engines, which convert that potential chemical energy into kinetic energy—also known as good old-fashioned horsepower. Once the petrol is ready for distribution, it’s delivered via underground pipes to terminals, and then tanker trucks deliver it to gas stations.

51
Q

Where is natural gas found?

A

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that is found in enormous layers of shale rock between 6,000 and 8,000 feet below Earth’s surface.

52
Q

How natural gas extracted?

A

Drilling or by hydraulic fracturing (fracking)

53
Q

What does fracking consist of? How does it get natural gas?

A

Fracking consists of drilling and pumping a water mixture into the earth. This mixture of sand, water, and chemicals flows at high pressure into the rock, breaking it apart and releasing the natural gas.

54
Q

What happens after natural gas is extracted?

A

natural gas is piped to processing plants

55
Q

How is natural gas processed?

A

One of the first steps is to remove oil, water, and other impurities including carbon dioxide, sulfur, and nitrogen. Afterwards, methane is separated out through a distillation process.

56
Q

How is natural gas transported using an interstate natural gas pipeline?

A

An interstate natural gas pipeline is a large pipeline that works and moves natural gas across state borders. An intrastate natural gas pipeline works and moves natural gas within a state border. Smaller pipelines take the natural gas from these large pipelines and transport it to homes or buildings. All of these pipelines work together to transport natural gas to many different sectors nationwide, including the industrial sector, which is the leading consumer of natural gas in the United States.

57
Q

How is coal extracted and refined into used fuel?

A

Coal is extracted through surface or underground mining. Once mined, it is refined and cleaned to remove ash, dirt, rocks, and sulfur. It is then transported to different industries for consumer use. Industries burn coal to produce energy and electricity.

58
Q

How is crude oil extracted and refined into usable fuel?

A

Crude oil is extracted through drilling oil wells. It is pumped out of the ground and piped to processing plants, where it is heated and separated into various products by means of distillation towers. The products can be further refined into products such as the gasoline you buy at a gas station.

59
Q

How is natural gas extracted and refined into useable fuel?

A

Natural gas is extracted through drilling wells or fracking. Fracking involves breaking shale rocks to release the gas. After being extracted, natural gas is piped to processing plants and refined by removing oil, water, and other impurities. The gas is then transported via different pipelines for consumer use.

8th: Science Semester 2 (65 decks)

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