U4AOS1

Question 1

Normal waking consciousness

Answer 1

the state of being aware of our internal and external environments

Question 2

Altered waking consciousness

Answer 2

any state that differs from normal waking consciousness

Question 3

3 characteristics of REM sleep

Answer 3

• High brain activity, no body movement
• Vivid dreaming occurs
• Light stage of sleep

Question 4

3 characteristics of NREM sleep

Answer 4

• Physical movement is possible
• Non-vivid dreams
• Amount of time spent in NREM is highest in first half of sleep cycle

Question 5

EEG, EMG and EOG function

Answer 5

detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of the brain (EEG), skeletal muscles (EMG) or muscles controlling the eye (EOG)

Question 6

Sleep diary and video monitoring definition

Answer 6

A self report of sleep and waking activities over a period of time
visual and audio information collected about a person’s sleep

Question 7

Sleep wake cycle

Answer 7

24 hour cycle that is spent either sleeping or being awake and alert

Question 8

CIrcadian rhythm

Answer 8

biological and behavioural changes that occur as a part of a cycle that lasts around 24 hours

Question 9

Ultradian rhythmn

Answer 9

biological and behavioural changes that occur as a part of a cycle that lasts less than 24 hours

Question 10

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 10

area of the hypothalamus responsible for regulating a person’s sleep-wake patterns

Question 11

Melatonin

Answer 11

Hormone released by the pineal glands to induce sleep as a part of the sleep-wake cycle

Question 12

Hours of sleep, NREM and REM proportion for newborn, infants and toddlers

Answer 12

Newborn: 14-17 hours. 50% REM, 50% NREM
Infants: 12-16 hours. 30-40% REM, 60-70% NREM
Toddlers: 11-14 hours. 25-30% REM, 70-75% NREM

Question 13

Hours of sleep, NREM and REM proportion for adolescents, young adults and adults

Answer 13

Adolescents: 8-10 hours. 20% REM. 80% NREM
Young adults: 7-9 hours. 20% REM, 80% NREM
Adults: same as young adults

Question 14

Hours of sleep, NREM and REM proportion for elderly
Characteristics of elderly sleep

Answer 14

• 7-8 hours. 18-20% REM, 80-82% NREM
• N3 sleep may not occur at all
• Multiple awakenings may occur

Question 15

Sleep deprivation

Answer 15

Inadequate quantity or quality of sleep

Question 15

Partial sleep deprivation vs full sleep deprivation

Answer 15

Partial- sleeping for some time during 24 hours, but quality or quantity is not enough
Full- not sleeping at all in 24 hours

Question 16

2 examples of normal waking consciousness and altered state of consciousness

Answer 16

Normal waking consciousness
- Walking to school in the morning
- Exercising
Altered state of consciousness
- Sleeping
- Being drunk

Question 17

How does the SCN regulate sleep?

Answer 17

1. Receives external and internal cues
2. After receiving both, sends neural message to pineal glands to produce and release melatonin
3. Pineal glands receive melatonin

Question 18

Name 3 behavioural effects of sleep deprivation

Answer 18

• Excessive sleepiness
• fatigue/ tiredness
• Increased likelihood of taking risks
• slowed reaction time

Question 19

Name 3 cognitive effects of sleep deprivation

Answer 19

• Impaired decision making
• Reduced retention of information
• more likely to overlook important details
• lapses in attention

Question 20

Name 3 affective effects of sleep deprivation

Answer 20

• Increase in mood swings
• reduced ability to cope with stress
• poor emotional regulation
• more likely to overreact to situations

Question 21

Difference between effects of sleep deprivation and alcohol consumption

Answer 21

• Sleep deprivation usually negatively affects one’s emotions; alcohol can create a range of emotions
• Cognitive effects of sleep deprivation are similar to having certain amounts of alcohol

Question 22

How many hours of sleep deprivation is equal to a BAC of 0.05 and 0.1?

Answer 22

BAC of 0.05= 17 hours
BAC of 0.1= 24 hours

Question 23

Define circadian rhythm disorders

Answer 23

Persistent patterns of sleep disruption due to misalignment between the circadian rhythm and one’s sleep-wake cycle

Question 24

Define delayed sleep phase disorder and explain the cause

Answer 24

• Sleep and waking time occur later than usual
• Internal cues aren’t received properly during the night and morning, causing melatonin to be released at a later time

Question 25

Define advanced sleep phase disorder and explain the cause

Answer 25

• Sleep and waking time occur earlier than usual
• Internal cues aren’t received properly during the night and morning, causing melatonin to be released at an earlier time

Question 26

Define shift work and explain the cause

Answer 26

• When a person works outside the regular business hours, causing them to sleep at unusual times
• Mismatch between external cues and desired sleep schedule (e.g awake when it is dark and then trying to sleep during the day, when melatonin is low)

Question 27

How bright light therapy can be used to treat DSPS?

Answer 27

• Exposure to bright light in the morning.
• Acts as an external cue and promotes wakefulness at an earlier time

Question 28

How bright light therapy can be used to treat ASPS?

Answer 28

• Exposure to bright light in the evening when feeling sleepy
• SCN will send the signal to release melatonin at a later time

Question 29

How bright light therapy can be used to treat people who do shift work?

Answer 29

• Exposed to bright light before they begin work to promote wakefulness
• Allows them to feel sleepy at a later time, when they’re not working

Question 30

Define sleep hygiene

Answer 30

the practices and habits that promote an individual’s sleep patterns

Question 31

Define zeitgebers and give 3 examples

Answer 31

• external cues from the environment that influence the circadian rhythm